基于电子商务技术的服务企业海外市场进入模式选择研究

研究表明,数字技术的变革对服务企业的影响远大于制造企业。随着越来越多的服务企业进入国际市场,这种影响越来越大,乃至对传统的服务特性以及服务企业选择海外市场进入模式都带来了新的挑战。本文以电子商务技术对服务企业进入模式选择所带来的影响作用为切入点,在此基础上,提出了具体的概念模型,对一些服务企业进入海外市场的内部、外部及其它影响因素进行了详尽的阐述,并得出了一些有益的结论。     

Foreign Manufacturing Subsidiaries' Channel Selection in the U.S. Market:

This study investigates what factors affect foreign manufacturing subsidaries' channel choice, that is, the selection between integrated channels and independent distributors for their products in the U.S. market. The results of a logit analysis with 172 foreign-owned subsidiaries as a sample show that the product's transaction-specific assets are the most important factor explaining the use of integrated channels. Additionally, sales size, the time the product has been on the market, and the experience of operating in the United States were found to be significant factors. However, the home country nationality does not appear to affect significantly the channel selection of a foreign firm in the U.S. market.     

美国对华贸易逆差对美国制造业失业率影响的实证分析

本文通过对大量经济数据的统计分析以及建立相关的经济计量模型,运用协整方法就美中贸易逆差是否是美国制造业失业率上升的主要原因进行实证分析.定量研究结果不但表明美中贸易逆差并非近年来美国制造业失业率上升的主要原因,而且还指出了造成美国制造业失业率上升的主要原因在于美国近几年来快速提高的生产率,以及美国对日本制造品出口额的大幅下降.最后本文给出了简要结论和相关建议.     

Patterns and Effects of Entry in U.S. Airline Markets

We use T-100 traffic data and DB1B fare data from the U.S. Department of Transportation to identify patterns and effects of entry by network carriers and low-cost carriers in non-stop U.S. airline markets. For the sample period from 1996 to 2009, we find that entry activity of low-cost carriers did not only experience significant absolute increases but also led to substantial fare reductions. As route entries by network carriers do not have comparable effects, the existence and expansion of low-cost carriers must be considered as the main driver of competition in the domestic U.S. airline industry.     

The Earth Is Flat,Almost: Measuring Marketing Standardization and Profit Performance of Japanese and U.S. Firms

ABSTRACT

Globalization has fostered greater interest in all aspects of standardization theory, including the four Ps (product, price, place [distribution], and promotion) of the marketing mix. The study researches the firm's strategy of marketing standardization as it correlates to the firm's profit. Multinational firms from Japan and the United States operating in a global environment were studied in order to correlate marketing standardization to profit performance. The results indicate there is increasing support for a strategy of standardizing marketing mix components and contributing to a firm's profit performance.     

进口贸易与美国的经济增长

本文通过实证研究试图证明进口较出口更能够拉动美国的经济增长,并从生产要素的质量、进口带动出口、物价水平与投资等方面进行了简要的分析。     

制造企业动态管理模式及其运行管理研究

基于协同理论建立一种对环境具有自主适应性的制造企业动态管理模式系统的方法,对如何实施动态管理模式的运行的方法和系统运行管理的基本内容进行研究。所得出的制造企业动态管理模式的研究结果能够较好地解释该种管理模式变革的基本原理。     

家族制企业管理模式的优劣分析及制度选择

本文认为,家族制企业具有节省创业成本、提高决策效率、规避代理风险、降低交易费用、增强凝聚力等功能或一般合理性,这是家族制企业具有顽强生命力的内在根源,但另一方面也存在着股权结构一元化、产权制度缺陷、人力资源管理体系落后与继承人选择等诸多问题。文章提出,家族制企业在发展到一定阶段时,应建立现代产权制度,向现代公司制度转换,而转换的关键是建立家族成员退出机制。第一,通过产权稀释实现产权多元化;第二,明晰内部产权,避免内在风险;第三,推行流量股份,提高要素效益;第四,通过产权开放建立公众企业;第五,开展资本运营,促进产权流动。     

The Role of Relationships in Determining Foreign Entry Modes

A number of theories explain the competitiveness of international firms. However, the role of the relationship between the supplier and potential customers is often neglected. Thus, a framework is developed that combines resource-oriented arguments with recent insights gained from transaction cost theory. The framework does not only serve to further our understanding of international competitiveness but also explains under which circumstances certain modes of foreign market entry promise success.     

中国与东盟5国对美国出口劳动密集型产品的竞争分析

本文首先在出口总量和结构上,考察了中国与东盟5国劳动密集型产品出口结构的相似程度与竞争关系,其次通过价格比较,证明了各国出口同一产品的竞争关系存在,并且分析了各国出口价格竞争优势与出口增长的联系,最后,提出了改善竞争关系与加强合作的一些建议。     

Impacts of Generic and Brand Advertising in the U.S. Potato Market

Abstract

The impacts of generic and branded advertising in the U.S. fresh potato, retail frozen potato, and potato chip markets are examined under exogenous and endogenous raw potato supply. The Almost Ideal Demand System is used to estimate the demand components. The general equilibrium elasticities derived from the complete model are used in a simulation analysis to assess the cross-commodity effects of incremental increases in advertising expenditures on equilibrium prices, quantities, revenues, and profits in each sector. The endogeneity of grower supply mitigate the impacts of advertising in the raw commodity sector and in the retail sectors.     

An Empirical Analysis of Motives for Offshore Outsourcing by U.S. Firms

In light of the political debate on offshore outsourcing, this article examines firm financial characteristics associated with the probability of being identified as an outsourcer. In a sample of S&P 500 firms, we find that firms identified as outsourcers operate in more competitive industries and have relatively worse operating performance, higher administrative overhead, and higher labor overhead. These firm characteristics are consistent with cost-cutting objectives and the need to respond to competitive pressures. We find that the need to lower labor costs is a significant determinant of manufacturing firms locating operations overseas, while lowering administrative overhead influences service firms' outsourcing decisions. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that the political pressure to limit firms' ability to offshore outsource will likely reduce their flexibility to respond to operating and competitive challenges.     

The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters

The biotechnology industry poses a particular challenge to analysis because its origins were poorly understood or even noticed at the time. The purpose of this paper is to examine and make sense of recent developments in the U.S. biotechnology industry. The pioneers and subsequent followers in biotechnology came from other fields. They altered their career trajectories in sciences like genetics and medical research to enter an unknown and undefined field, which only subsequently became labeled as biotechnology. Those regions exhibiting the greatest success in developing biotechnology clusters also possessed the greatest ability to unleash the potential commercialization latent in those scientists. To generate a successful regional cluster, the existence of world class scientific talent is a necessary condition. However, it is not a sufficient condition. The ancillary or complementary factors must also be available to translate this knowledge into a commercialized product. The complementary factors include the presence of venture capital and other forms of finance, the existence of an entrepreneurial culture, and transparent and minimal regulations fostering the start-up and growth processes.     

Marketing Accounting Services in the U.S. and Norway

Abstract

This study compares the general perceptions of marketing and the marketing experiences and training by accountants in the United States and Norway. The results of this study indicate there are differences in perceptions of marketing held by accountants in the U.S. and Norway and in their marketing practices. Accountants in the U.S. held stronger opinions on the importance of marketing accounting services, whereas accountants in Norway believed more strongly that reputation for quality work was more important than marketing. Over two-thirds of Norway accountants reported they did not use marketing concepts in their practice while over half of U.S. accountants indicated they did. A majority of Norway accountants indicated they did not need marketing because their clients come to them when they need their services. These findings demonstrate the importance of being cognizant of the differences in marketing professional services as accountants expand their understanding of global business and accounting practices.     

A Survey of Governance Disclosures Among U.S. Firms

Recent years have featured a spate of regulatory action pertaining to the development and/or disclosure of corporate governance structures in response to financial scandals resulting in part from governance failures. During the same period, corporate governance activists and institutional investors increasingly have called for increased voluntary governance disclosure. Despite this attention, there have been relatively few comprehensive studies of governance disclosure practices and response to the regulation. In this study, we examine a sample of 50 U.S. firms and their public disclosure packages from 2004. We find a high degree of variability in the presentation and reporting format choices for many elements of the governance structure. This variability includes several items for which disclosure is mandated by regulators or legislative action. In particular, smaller firms offer fewer disclosures pertaining to independence, board selection procedures, and oversight of management (including whistleblowing procedures). There are also trends associated with board characteristics: boards that are less independent offer fewer disclosures of independence and management oversight matters. Moreover, large firms provide more disclosures of independence standards, board selection procedures, audit committee matters, management control systems, other committee matters, and whistleblowing procedures but do not appear to have a strictly superior information environment when compared to smaller firms. The findings raise questions about compliance with regulatory requirements and the degree to which conflicts of interest between managers and directors are being controlled. While there have been notable improvements in the information environment of governance disclosures, there remain structural issues that may possess negative ramifications for stakeholders.     

Regulatory Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector

The Bush administration, through the Office of Management and Budget, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OMB/OIRA), has shown renewed interest in regulatory reform as an important public issue, especially as it pertains to the nation’s manufacturing sector. On March 9, 2005, OMB/OIRA announced that Federal agencies will be taking practical steps of an administrative nature to reduce the cost burden on manufacturing firms operating in the United States by acting on 76 suggested reforms of federal regulations suggested by the public. Recommended actions range from gathering and reporting additional information to issuing modernized regulations, with reforms to be implemented through rulemaking procedures that include an opportunity for public participation. JEL Classification L510     

加入WTO对我国糕点食品业的影响及对策

加入ＷＴＯ糕点食品行业的发展面临着机遇，且更多地面临挑战，因此糕点食品的生产企业必须不断发展自我，在改革和创新中求生存、求发展，发扬传统中华饮食文化，运用品牌营销等多种营销手段，将我国的糕点食品推向世界。     

Effect of Customers' and Suppliers' Perceptions of the Market Orientation of Manufacturing Firms on Channel Relationships and Financial Performance

ABSTRACT

This study is designed to investigate the effect of customers' and suppliers' perceptions of the market orientation of manufacturing firms on customers' and suppliers' trust in, cooperative norms in, and satisfaction with the relationship with the manufacturing firm. The findings from a sample of 72 matched sets of suppliers, manufacturing firms and customers in industrial channels in the Netherlands reveal that the perceived market orientation of manufacturing firms engaged in channel partnerships has a positive influence on customers' and suppliers' levels of trust in, cooperative norms in, and satisfaction with the relationship. This study further investigates the effect of the customers' and suppliers' trust in, cooperative norms in, and satisfaction with the relationship on the financial performance of the manufacturing firm. The results reveal that customers' and suppliers' cooperative norms in the relationship positively influence the manufacturing firm's financial performance. Customer's and supplier's trust in and satisfaction with the relationship have no effect on the manufacturing firm's financial performance.     

An Inquiry into the Effects of U.S. Multinationals on U.S. Intraindustry Trade

Abstract

This study is among the first to examine the relations and interrelations among variables that measure the activities of U.S. multinational enterprises and their affiliates through the use of data that has recently become available. None of the results seem to contradict, and a large number seem to corroborate many hypotheses of contemporary international trade and global marketing theory. An important finding is that a strong gross complementarity between the variables exists which results in the values of these variables increasing simultaneously. Hence, the levels of intraindustry and international trade also increase simultaneously. However, it is found that net substitution relations exists between a number of pairs of the variables considered.     

Organizational Learning: An Empirical Assessment of Process in Small U.K. Manufacturing Firms

Organizational learning is increasingly being mentioned in the literature as a mechanism for assisting small firm survival. There exists, however, limited empirical evidence to validate the benefits claimed for the concept. A survey of small U.K. manufacturing firms was undertaken to ascertain whether entrepreneurial firms use higher-order (or double-loop) learning. Additional research aims included assessing whether organizational learning confers information management advantages and contributes to the upgrading of managerial competencies. The results suggest entrepreneurial firms do utilize higher-order learning and are able to manage information more effectively than non-entrepreneurial firms. Some evidence was found to support the view that higher-order learning influences certain managerial competencies. The implications of these findings are discussed and proposals presented on the needs for further research