International Marketing of Services and Developing Countries

ABSTRACT

The internationalization of services has gained great momentum in recent years. This article analyzes prospects of developing countries in the international marketing of services by examining past trends of service exports by developing countries, and relating these to demand for services in developed countries through a series of autoregression analyses. Results show that developing countries were marginalized in the international market for services over the 20-year study period. However, there are bright future prospects. The greatest prospects would be in travel services, followed by transport services. Implications of the findings for government policy in the service sector are discussed.     

比较优势与竞争优势的关系分析

比较优势是静态的竞争力，是一国绝对竞争力的基础。而竞争优势是一种动态的、综合的竞争力，所以拥有比较优势并不等于拥有现实的竞争力，而拥有竞争优势才称得上真正拥有现实的竞争力。因此应对劳动密集型产业进行人力资本投入和技术投入，提高其技术密集度，使其由简单劳动密集型转变为智力劳动密集型，实现比较优势向竞争优势的转化。     

中国与印度服务贸易国际竞争力的比较研究

近年来,印度的服务业及服务贸易获得了迅速的发展,本文以中印两国服务贸易的国际竞争力为研究重点,对两国服务业及服务贸易的发展现状进行了客观评述,并借助贸易竞争指数和显性比较优势指数对两国服务贸易的国际竞争力进行量化比较,探寻影响中印两国服务贸易国际竞争力的因素,并得出相关结论及建议。     

The Role of Logistics Leverage in Marketing Strategy

ABSTRACT

In today's environment-where changes in price, promotion, and product often are quickly imitated-the way to sustain competitive advantage may lie in changes to ancillary services, such as logistics. By leveraging excellent and superior logistics services, intricately linked with marketing strategy, firms can potentially create and maintain competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to begin the theoretical development process by understanding the implications of logistics leverage on marketing strategy. Two sources of antecedent justification, application of extant literature and observation of the phenomenon through case studies, are employed to develop the theoretical model. Conclusions, with implications for managers and suggestions for futue research, areal soprovided.     

中国服务贸易国际竞争力分析

摘要：随着科技进步和世界经济结构的调整以及世界经济一体化进程的加快,服务贸易成为国际贸易的重要组成部分,服务贸易的发展也成为衡量一国国际竞争力的重要标准。文章从中国服务贸易开放现状出发,分析了目前中国服务贸易发展的特征及其存在的问题,并选用几项指标对中国服务贸易竞争力做了定量分析,在此基础上提出了提高中国服务贸易国际竞争力的建议。     

Country Resources,Country Image,and Exports: Country Branding and International Marketing Implications

ABSTRACT

A country's economic, political, and socio-cultural institutions have always been regarded as important determinants of a company's exports and international marketing strategies. With the recent thinking about countries becoming more like a brand, these factors should impact a country's marketing and branding strategies. There has been a call for more research on how countries can use their institutions and resources to enhance their globalization efforts. This study intends to fill this gap by examining the relationships between country institutions and resources, country image, and exports based on institution theory and resource advantage theory. Both archival and primary data for 24 countries over 12 years (1995–2006) were used to assess a random-effects panel data model. The results reveal the significance of economic development and communication infrastructure on exports. In addition, country image was found to indirectly affect exports. The theoretical and practical implications on country branding and international marketing conclude the article.     

我国服务贸易竞争力的实证分析

改革开放以来,中国服务贸易虽然得到了迅速发展,但整体发展水平不高,且服务贸易与商品贸易没能做到同步发展,服务贸易在中国对外贸易中的比重偏低,最终将制约中国商品贸易的进一步发展.文章首先建立了测评我国服务贸易国际竞争力的指标体系,并运用该指标体系对我国服务贸易竞争力进行了评价及国际比较,并总结我国服务贸易竞争力不高的内在深层次原因.     

地区的比较优势发展和国家的竞争优势发展

在国际贸易理论中,如何利用比较优势和竞争优势一直是个颇受关注的话题,一个国家选择什么样的国际贸易发展战略至关重要。通过对比较优势和竞争优势理论的总结与分析,针对我国的实际情况进行研究,研究表明我国各地区应按比较优势发展,而国家以竞争优势为主,辅以比较优势取得发展。     

比较优势理论、竞争优势理论的世界观与方法论分析

文章探讨了比较优势理论与竞争优势理论这两套不同的理论范式背后的世界观和方法论基础问题,认为比较优势与竞争优势理论实际上是在简单性与复杂性世界观下的两套概念体系。比较优势理论建立在简单性世界观的基础之上,具有简单性世界观的一系列特征;而竞争优势理论是建立在复杂性世界观基础之上的,是一种复杂性思维方式,二者在研究方法、可证伪性和可覆盖性、概念的完备性和严密性方面存在显著的差别。这两套理论各自有缺陷和可能存在的问题。     

A Comparative Analysis of Curriculum in International Marketing and Business Between Peruvian and Guatemalan University Students

Business education is important for economic development. A skilled workforce allows for greater advancements in productivity, the creation of new business opportunities, increased employment, and enhances the quality of life of the citizenry. With the changing international business environment it is important for academics and practitioners alike to understand the methods, techniques, and activities being used to train future business leaders. This article investigates the context, content, and delivery of business education in Peru and Guatemala. It analyzes the business education structure and curriculum content of two universities that have successfully implemented comprehensive international business programs. Data for this article was collected in Peru and Guatemala and reflects the students' perspective on the international business curriculums of their respective programs of study.     

素食餐饮文化营销策略及发展对策研究

本文认为,素食餐饮文化丰富的内容与源远流长的历史为素食餐饮文化营销的运用和发展提供了雄厚的应用基础和广阔的发展空间。增强素食餐饮企业的整体竞争优势,应从产品品牌形象、产品质量、产品参与性、经营场所区位及国内素食旅游市场开发等方面着手,努力营造素食餐饮的文化氛围,丰富素食餐饮的文化内涵,加强素食餐饮企业的文化塑造与素食餐饮产品的文化包装及附加值创造。     

A Comparative Analysis of the Differences in Power and Conflict Issues Between Domestic and International Distribution Channels

Although several behavioral issues dominate the current marketing channel literature, research falls short in explaining the differences in domestic and international channel behavior within the same country context. The purpose of this study is to compare the power and conflict perceptions of international and domestic distributors that operate within the same country. The household appliances sector in Turkey has been studied for the comparison. The results did not indicate any differences in power and conflict issues of domestic and international distribution channels. The study suggests that the dominant culture of a country may influence channel relationships irrespective of the origin of manufacturers.     

中澳产业国际竞争力与贸易互补性分析

运用以进出口数据为基础的产业国际竞争力评价指标体系对中澳产业国际竞争力进行了评价,结合评价结果,利用修正后的贸易互补指数计算公式计测了中澳两国之间各产业以及综合贸易互补程度.结果表明:中澳两国各自具有极强和较强国际竞争力的产业互不重合,大部分产业具有较强的贸易互补性,综合贸易互补性近年来呈逐年增强之势.中澳双边贸易发展潜力很大,建立中澳自由贸易区前景广阔.     

全球服务贸易10强的服务贸易国际竞争力定量分析

本文运用比较优势指标,对全球10大服务贸易强国或地区1995年至2004年的服务贸易国际竞争力进行了定量分析。通过2004年国际竞争力系数的比较可以得出,在服务贸易国际竞争力方面存在比较优势的国家或地区依次是中国香港、西班牙、美国、英国和法国等发达国家或地区,而日本和德国却是劣势最为明显的国家。本文系统地阐述了其存在的原因及发展趋势。     

21世纪我国产业经济的物流式管理研究

产业的竞争能力如何是衡量一个国家竞争力水平的重要标志,是一国能否以较小代价在世界市场取得有力竞争地位的重要前提。而产业竞争能力形成的基础是产业集聚,没有相当规模的产业集聚,要形成产业竞争能力是非常困难的,但目前我国的产业集聚还远远没有达到应有的规模,产业的竞争能力同发达国家相比还有比较大的差距。本文从产业集聚的概念及对经济的积极效应出发,结合我国实际情况,提出了一些有关这个问题的想法,希望能够对政府部门的决策有所帮助。     

从比较优势到竞争优势——我国水产品对外贸易的战略选择

通过对近年来我国水产品对外贸易的特点、比较优势及竞争优势的分析 ,认为我国水产品虽然具有一定的比较优势 ,但在国际市场上的竞争力却较弱。其原因主要是我国水产品对外贸易采取的是比较优势战略。要提高我国水产品的国际竞争力必须实现从比较优势到竞争优势战略的转化     

中国服务贸易发展优势分析

当今国际产业转移的重心开始由制造业向服务业转移。服务贸易在各国经济发展中的作用日益明显。我国自改革开放以来服务业得到了迅猛发展，在世界服务贸易中的排名也比较靠前，但是总体处于竞争劣势，同发达国家相比差距很大。因此，我国应当把握住当前服务业国际产业转移的机会，大力发展服务贸易。     

生产服务业、内生比较优势与经济增长:理论与实证分析

本文借助新贸易理论,构建了一个反映生产服务业同经济增长之间因果关系的模型。生产服务业知识、信息密集的特性使得其具有规模递增的产业特点,进而可创造出内生比较优势,促进经济增长。文章利用中国实际数据对模型进行了检验,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

生态伦理:企业营销优势凸显的内在机理剖析

市场经济也是一种道德伦理经济,企业营销必须在一定的伦理规范下才能顺利取得既定目标。随着生态文明的来临,生态脆弱性越来越严重,生态政策约束性越来越紧,消费者生态消费意识渐浓,生态产品与生态技术价值日益凸显,企业营销必须适应这种生态发展趋势,严格遵循相应的生态伦理,主动开展生态化营销,唯有如此,才能实现生态环境约束的内涵式突破,才能实现"天人合一"的有序发展,才能在公众面前树立良好的生态伦理形象,才能在市场竞争中得以优胜。     

战略性国际贸易理论评介

在过去几十年中，世界上出现了一些具有深远影响力的国际贸易理论，这些理论通常被划分为传统的理论和现代的理论。其中传统理论的代表有：Adam Smith提出的“绝对优势理论”和David Ricardo提出的“相对优势理论”。传统的理论是建立在工业化生产基础而确立的，因此在当今服务贸易飞速发展的时代，已经无法充分地解释全球政治经济、国际化竞争战略和新型贸易关系等诸多问题。在这种情况下，迫切要求新的理论基础。Porter和Ohmae于20世纪90年代分别在《国家竞争优势》和《无边的世界》著作中提出了具有划时代意义的“战略性国际贸易理论”。这两种理论揭示了当代国际贸易理论研究从纯粹经济关系向政治经济和全球性战略关系的转变。