Importance of tourism for the economy of Bermuda

The aim of this paper is to compare the results of three separate input-output studies carried out to measure and monitor the contribution of international tourism to the economy of Bermuda in comparison with the impacts made by other export sectors. The studies are part of the ongoing program of the government of Bermuda. Since the early 90s, the leading generator of foreign currency and income has been international business and finance. The level of employment in the economy, however, depends principally upon tourism, and the Bermudian government and private sector are taking positive measures to address the downward trend.     

Constructing Indicators of Culinary Tourism Strategy: An Application of Resource-Based Theory

A tourism destination that seeks to develop culinary tourism products must combine the featured culinary cultures with tourism resources to support the culinary tourism strategies. A concrete strategic framework will aid tourism destinations in identifying local culinary products and experiences and creating promotional strategies and tools for the development of local culinary tourism. The purpose of this study is to construct a strategy framework and indicators for culinary tourism in Taiwan based on resource-based theory (RBT). This study included a qualitative document analysis, a literature review, in-depth interviews, and application of the Fuzzy Delphi method. The results show a culinary tourism strategy framework consisting of four dimensions and 75 indicators. The four dimensions are resources, capabilities, strategy, and education. The four dimensions are comprised of 10 factors (strategies) with a total of 75 indicators. In addition to its practical implications, an important contribution of this study is its application of RBT to develop national culinary tourism resource and strategy planning.     

Tourism demand for Italy and the business cycle

This study provides a strategy for modelling the effect of the business cycle on tourism demand under the rationale that tourism cycles are heavily influenced by lagged effects of the overall business cycle. Using quarterly data on overnight stays in Italian hotels, both domestic and inbound between 1985 and 2004, we adopt a structural time series approach to evaluate two alternative models, the first with a latent cycle component (LCC) and the second based on specific economic explanatory variables (XCV). The two models are compared in terms of explanatory power, best-fit, residual diagnostics and forecasting ability. The results show similar performances. The policy implication is that the XCV model can be used for calibrating countercyclical interventions in tourism policy.     

投资战略、治理机制与旅游企业融资成本

中国旅游企业普遍存在融资难、融资成本偏高问题,这严重影响了旅游企业的生存、发展与扩张。为此,迫切需要科学探究旅游企业融资成本的影响因素,并采取相应治理措施以降低融资成本。文章以公司治理视角为切入点,立足于旅游业区别于其他行业的特殊性,利用我国旅游上市公司的财务统计数据,实证检验了旅游经营环境、旅游企业投资战略、治理机制对融资成本的影响效应。研究结果表明:旅游企业债务融资成本小于股权融资成本,旅游企业应充分利用经营权和用地使用权质押贷款等多元化债务融资方式。投资战略方面,旅游需求波动性和非旅游相关多元化战略会提高融资成本,旅游企业投资方向应为相关多元化/并购,投资项目应能降低旅游收益波动性。治理机制方面,信息披露与法律保护机制能降低融资成本,股权结构与融资成本存在倒"U"形关系,而高管激励机制则会提高融资成本,旅游企业应建立科学的股权结构和董事会治理机制,构建多层次高管薪酬体系和信息披露制度,完善品牌投资战略以实现品牌质押融资。     

Tourism strategy development and facilitation of integrative processes among brand equity,marketing and motivation

With the absence of heavy industry and pollution from intense commercial development, Kinmen is a significant source of additional value for tourism in Taiwan. This calls for in-depth studies on tourism marketing, brand equity and travel motivation in Kinmen. This study attempts to identify the important attributes of Kinmen tourism and extend the related literature on marketing strategy, brand equity and travel motivation by employing a combination of the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM), decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and analytic network process (ANP) approaches to demonstrate the interactions and relations among critical criteria. The FDM identified the critical attributes, which were used in DEMATEL analysis to demonstrate that brand equity has direct and indirect influences on marketing strategy and travel motivation. The use of the ANP with global weighting further reveals that travel intention is the most critical element of Kinmen tourism.     

Physical attractiveness of service employees and customer engagement in tourism industry

As the importance of customer engagement gains more and more recognition, it is critical to study customer engagement strategy in the intensely competitive tourism industry. Answering the call for research on antecedents of tourists' customer engagement in the tourism industry, we consider the role of employees' physical attractiveness. We adopt a mixed-methods approach; using interviews and three scenario-based experiments, we explore, hypothesize, and test the relationship between employees' physical attractiveness and customer engagement of tourists. The results show that (1) physical attractiveness of employees affects tourists' customer engagement, that (2) the main effect of physical attractiveness is mediated by the desire for social interaction, and that (3) the main effect is moderated by tourism service characteristics (i.e., tourism service expertise).     

Entrepreneurial strategies and tourism industry growth

This paper investigates the relationship between entrepreneurship strategies and industry growth. Drawing on a longitudinal database of 481 tourism strategic planning documents, a sampling framework is used to map tourism strategies, tourism entrepreneurship strategies and tourism entrepreneurship strategic themes to tourism region by year (across a 10-year cycle), as well as to compile corresponding tourism jobs and visitation growth data. Exploratory bibliometric visuals and logistic regression reveal that regions with a tourism strategy and targeted strategies to support entrepreneurs predict tourism growth, specifically strategies for human capital development and tourism incubation programs. Future research should focus on the efficacy of tourism incubation programs for stimulating entrepreneurial activity in regional areas and as a mechanism to stimulate recovery from global crises.     

论区域旅游发展战略的趋同与缓解

区域旅游竞合关系的演化使各旅游地纷纷进行战略规划。同时,各旅游地发展战略在战略目标、旅游功能、产业调整政策、旅游形象四个方面已经暴露出较为严重的趋同现象。原因是多方面的,主要是:战略决策层的从众心态和战略参与者的标准化知识及模式化思维,成功战略难以复制,在不确定性发展环境下决策的中庸之道,战略决策层对外界的媚俗效应等。战略趋同对区域旅游发展的影响是长远的,它将导致区域内恶性竞争,失去整体优势,并使区域旅游的成长极限快速到来。本文从研究者的角度,重新思考战略规划的基本要求,认为通过深刻解读规划对象,充分发挥点群优势,提供多情景方案三条途径可以使战略趋同问题得到缓解。     

中国大冰雪旅游发展模式研究

随着2022年冬奥会的申办和“带动三亿人参与冰雪运动”国家战略的实施,中国冰雪产业进入快速发展阶段,冰雪旅游迅猛发展,已成为北方地区冬季旅游的新兴动力产业。本文总结了国内外冰雪旅游研究进展,基于中国目前冰雪旅游尚处于初期发展阶段,冰雪供给产业链短小,效益低下,对相关产业和区域经济社会发展的带动效应弱小的现状,针对冰雪旅游研究的不足,从大冰雪资源、大冰雪消费、大冰雪产业、大区域布局、大系统协调的视角,深入探讨了大冰雪旅游高质量发展模式,提出发挥多要素综合驱动、广泛联动的冰雪旅游对冰雪体育竞赛表演、冰雪文化创意、冰雪装备制造、冰雪教育培训、冰雪休闲娱乐等核心主导产业和相关辅助产业的联动作用,通过产业间广泛的经济技术联系和前向、后向、横向的联动,以及产业和区域间投入产出效应,构建大冰雪旅游产业体系,培育大冰雪旅游全产业链,构建大冰雪旅游产品体系,塑造特色冰雪文化品牌,促进大冰雪旅游产业绿色、低碳、循环发展格局的形成,满足游客不断增长的大冰雪旅游消费需求,实现区域经济社会-生态协调的高质量发展。研究结论丰富和拓展了冰雪旅游的内涵及外延,可为中国冰雪旅游绿色、健康、高质量发展提供决策参考。     

大连城市旅游形象定位及整体策划

城市形象的策划是当今发展城市旅游中极受注目的课题。本文在分析了形象定位的支持系统和影响系统之后,从文化特质、旅游功能、市场定位人手,提出塑造旅游城市形象的CIS系统,即文化识别(CI)、功能识别(FI)、市场识别(MI),进行形象定位。借助对大连城市形象的认知调查来思考如何以创意性思维塑大连个性化旅游城市形象,提出大连在突出现代化都市旅游形象、濒海区旅游形象方面表现个性的方法。     

Service-oriented,sustainable, local food value chain – A case study

Many developing countries depend on tourism as their main engine for economic development, but sustainability is often a concern. In the absence of inter-sectorial linkages between tourism and other industrial sectors, opportunities for trickledown benefits to host communities are stymied. For decades, researchers have been contending with issues related to strengthening agriculture and tourism linkages as a strategy to maximize economic linkages. This service-oriented approach to the local food supply chain is posited as a new model in which agriculture and hotel linkages can be advanced. We collected data about local food hotel supply through interviews with key stakeholders. The findings from our exemplary case study confirm that strengthening inter-sectorial linkages have benefits for stakeholders. This case study suggests that there are opportunities for tourism policies that foster local food linkages with high-end accommodation properties as a strategy to spread the economic spin off from tourism and also to encourage youth involvement in sustainable tourism development.     

Collaborative Alliances:

In collaborative alliances as a management strategy and as an object of scientific inquiry is on the rise in the tourism field. Rapid economic, social, and political change is providing powerful incentives for tourism interests to recognize their interdependences and to engage in joint decision-making. Whether the issue is multi-national firms, tourism coalitions, or cooperative marketing strategies collaboration is the common ground linking these recent trends. This paper provides a framework for understanding this trend toward collaborative action. Constraints to collaboration are identifies as well as societal forces prompting collaborative responses from tourism stakeholders. Basic assumptions underlying scientific inquiry in this area are outlined and a theoretical process model of collaboration is presented. Implications for management strategy and research are discussed.     

Tourism in the Gambia: problems and proposals

This paper analyses the development constraints which confine The Gambia to being one of the poorest countries in the world. The programmes designed to reduce these constraints are outlined. In particular, tourism is identified as an appropriate development strategy. Using primary data, tourism in The Gambia, its development and administration are described in some detail. Althoiugh a prima facie case can be made extolling the virtues of tourism in that country, the industry is beset by a range of problems. The juxtaposition of the country's growing reliance on tourism against increasing stagnation in the sector is a focus of particular concern. Constraints in the tourism sector are identified in the spheres of policy formulation and implementation, capital investment, human resource endowment, existing and potential tourist markets, seasonality issues and product resource base. For each constraint identified, a management strategy is proposed. In essence, the article is an advocation of sustainable tourism development for The Gambia based on long-term holistic planning, including appropriate resource development, community involvement, education and training.     

区域旅游合作中感知形象的差异性与可整合性分析——以大珠三角城市群为例

本文首先对区域旅游合作中形象差异性和可整合性的关系进行了探讨,认为提升区域旅游整体影响力在于形象的整合,而旅游线路促销中则应突出各自形象的差异性,差异和整合共同存在于区域旅游合作中.在对大珠三角城市的实证分析中,通过聚类分析得到了城市间形象的亲疏关系和可能进行的形象板块划分,这将为大珠三角今后旅游合作中对外推广提供了一个思考的方向和操作的策略,同时也为我国其他区域正在开展的旅游合作提供参考.     

Inputs and outputs of craft beverage tourism: The Destination Resources Acceleration Framework

Craft beverage tourism is a growing niche in the United States and an attractive strategy for sustainable community development. A new integrated framework analyzes the development of craft beverage tourism by combining two theoretical models: The Community Capitals Framework and Creative Placemaking. The resulting Destination Resources Acceleration Framework was applied in North Carolina (United States). Semi-structured interviews with 30 craft beverage tourism stakeholders revealed creativity and meaning accelerate the generation of the community capitals which support and result from craft beverage tourism. This study contributes to the understanding of the resource inputs a community needs to develop a new economic activity such as craft beverage tourism, and the resources generated by this form of development.     

Tourism in a developing area: The case of Tamil Nadu,India

This paper discusses the potential for the development of tourism in the State of Tamil Nadu, India. It argues that the State is rich in both natural and cultural resources but is lacking in infrastructure and a well-defined development strategy. A resource based and an urban based development strategy are discussed and it is suggested that the latter may have advantages for a developing area in the early stages of tourism involvement.     

The green globe programme: Developing a greener future for travel and tourism

This paper examines the concept of sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand and its relationship to the Resource Management Act. The paper considers the public sector planning responses towards tourism development issues within the context of New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and the ability of these organisations to respond to tourism issues. It argues that the absence of a national vision for tourism is a major constraint on achieving sustainable tourism options at the regional and local level because the Resource Management Act s principles of sustainable planning are not guided by any national policy or strategy. By using a postal questionnaire, the paper provides the first in-depth analysis of planners responses to tourism and their ability to integrate tourism into the planning process within New Zealand. The paper also expands the arguments initially developed by Dredge &; Moore (1992) on the lack of integration in relation to tourism and planning.     

Evolutionary analysis of sustainable tourism

This paper aims to explore an effective green incentive mechanism for government to develop traditional tourism into green tourism by establishing a dynamic evolutionary game model among governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists. We first discuss the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) regarding green innovation and its corresponding conditions for each stakeholder, and then analyze the ESS between tourism enterprises and tourists, with and without consideration of government green supervision. The optimal green incentive condition for driving all stakeholders to conduct green behavior is identified. More importantly, we advise the government to first implement green incentive mechanism in the areas where the tourism market scale is relatively small. Additionally, we utilize numerical examples to illustrate the findings and provide some managerial insights.     

Alternative tourism in Montserrat

Small island states or dependencies have increasingly turned to international mass tourism as a strategy for overcoming their underdeveloped status. However, mounting criticism of this sector has increased the interest in alternative tourism. The Caribbean island of Montserrat is well positioned to implement an ecotourism strategy based on the island's scenic beauty, biodiversity and historical/cultural attributes. This would augment an already unconventional tourism product emphasizing low-density residential tourism. The fact that few tangible initiatives have so far been taken in the direction of ecotourism is not problematic, since careful planning is advisable given the risks inherent in any form of tourism, and given existing and potential problems which could threaten its viability. A Montserrat Heritage Trail network is proposed as the centrepiece of this ecotourism product, while various marketing and institutional initiatives are recommended.     

International tourism model for developing economies

This article considers international tourism as an open system consisting of four essential components: demand, marketing, transportation, and accomodation. It examines each component and its relationship to the system. The proposed international tourism model facilitates detection of positive and negative determinants of the system so that a relevant marketing strategy can be developed. The major strategies include a mass-marketing approach for public through tourism intermediaries, and a focused strategy requiring careful analysis of the target market and its needs for unique services. More specifically, the article suggests extensive market analysis with geographic concentration on present and potential tourist generating countries. The model is intended as a comprehensive frame for policy makers and practitioners to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of international tourism.