The Challenges of Organic Production and Marketing in Europe and Spain: Innovative Marketing for the Future With Quality and Safe Food Products

In this work the actual situation of organic production and marketing in Spain is explained, studying and analyzing their evolution in the last decade of previous the century and in the first years of the new millennium. In Spain, organic production began in the 1970s with pioneers in Catalonia, Murcia Region, and other zones. It was in the 1990s when was observed a great increase in organic surfaces. A very interesting and critical date is that at the moment, more than 80% of organic products are being exported to other European countries, United States, and other foreign markets, and it is necessary to find new marketing strategies and innovations to structure the organic market, give new information to consumers, improve investments in the relation between retailers and consumers, and improve the perception of the utilities of these products. In some countries, as is the case of Spain, the consumers don't have enough information about the characteristics of organic products, organic food, and organic production methodologies. They must have all the information about the benefits of organic production methodologies and their implications in environmental conservation, biodiversity protection, food quality and safety, and this task must be provided by the new marketing strategies and actions.     

The importance of ecological and socio-technological literacy in R&D priority setting: the case of a fruit innovation system in Guinea,West Africa

The introduction of farmer participatory approaches over the past decades has to some extent improved the relevance and uptake of research results. While R&D prioritization increasingly involves more stakeholders, including the private sector, policymakers and civil society, building ecological literacy among all stakeholders is urgent, especially for sustainable agricultural development. A case study of an emerging fruit innovation system in Guinea, West Africa, highlights the challenges of supply- and demand-driven approaches to R&D prioritization. Shallow ecological knowledge and a blind faith in ‘modern’ technologies by scientists and farmers alike distort prioritization. Locally available, appropriate technologies are dismissed in favour of high technologies that are inaccessible to most smallholder growers. Strengthening the ecological literacy of all stakeholders may help to overcome this bias. On the other hand, building socio-technological literacy would allow innovation intermediaries, who typically act as brokers between the demand- and supply-side of technologies, to better understand the social and institutional contexts of technologies and how these affect potential uptake by poor farmers. Member centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) could use the notion of ecological and socio-technological literacy to better understand supply and demand of technology and to work more effectively with their partners towards pro-poor and sustainable agricultural development.     

Publicly-funded UK agricultural R&D and 'social' total factor productivity

Most studies concerned with measuring the rate of return to publicly‐funded agricultural R&D investment have found high returns, suggesting under‐investment, and calls for increased expenditure have been common. However, the evaluation of returns tends to measure the effect of research expenditure against growth in total factor productivity (TFP), based on market inputs and outputs. When compared against growing public unease over the environmental effects of pursuing agricultural productivity growth, TFP indices become a misleading measure of growth. This paper integrates some non‐market components into the TFP index. The costs of two specific externalities of agricultural production, namely fertiliser and pesticide pollution, are integrated in a TFP index constructed for the period 1948–1995. This adjusted, or ‘social’, TFP index is measured against UK public R&D expenditures. The rates of return to agricultural R&D are reduced by using the ‘social’ as opposed to the traditional TFP index. Whilst both remain at justifiable levels, previous studies appear to have over‐estimated the effect of agricultural R&D expenditures. Furthermore, with changes in policy towards more socially acceptable but non‐productivity enhancing outcomes, such as animal welfare, rural diversification and organic farming, the future framework for analysing returns to agricultural R&D should not be so dependent on productivity growth as an indicator of research effectiveness.     

关于地勘单位开展网络营销的思考

文章指出 ,在经济全球化、信息化的今天 ,网络经济作为全球经济的重要组成部分 ,显得越来越重要。文章从地勘单位实施网络营销的策略 ,应遵循的原则 ,以及应注意的几个问题等三个方面 ,论述了地勘单位应如何开展网络营销 ,以促进地勘经济超常规跨越式发展。     

International and Institutional R&D Spillovers: Attribution of Benefits among Sources for Brazil's New Crop Varieties

Reported rates of return to agricultural R&D are generally high, but they are likely to be biased, particularly because of attribution problems—mismatching research benefits with costs. The importance of attribution biases is illustrated here with new evidence for Brazil. During 1981–2003, varietal improvements in upland rice, edible beans, and soybeans yielded benefits of $14.8 billion in present value (1999 prices) terms. Attributing all of the benefits to Embrapa, a public research corporation accounting for more than half of Brazil's agricultural R&D spending, the benefit-cost ratio would be 78:1. Under alternative attribution rules, the ratio drops to 16:1.     

Towards integration of 3D legal and physical objects in cadastral data models

Digital 3D cadastres are often envisaged as the visualisation of 3D property rights (legal objects) and to some extent, their physical counterparts (physical objects) such as buildings and utility networks on, above and under the surface. They facilitate registration and management of 3D properties and reduction of boundary disputes. They also enable a wide variety of applications that in turn identify detailed and integrated 3D legal and physical objects for property management and city space management (3D land use management).Efficient delivery and implementation of these applications require many elements to support a digital 3D cadastre, such as existing 3D property registration laws, appropriate 3D data acquisition methods, 3D spatial database management systems, and functional 3D visualisation platforms. In addition, an appropriate 3D cadastral data model can also play a key role to ensure successful development of the 3D cadastre.A 3D cadastral data model needs to reflect the complexity and interrelations of 3D legal objects and their physical counterparts. Many jurisdictions have defined their own cadastral data models for legal purposes and have neglected the third dimension, integration of physical counterparts and semantic aspects.To address these problems, this paper aims to investigate why existing cadastral data models do not facilitate effective representation and analysis of 3D data, integration of 3D legal objects with their physical counterparts, and semantics. Then, a 3D cadastral data model (3DCDM) is proposed as a solution to improve the current cadastral data models. The data model is developed based on the ISO standards. UML modelling language is used to specify the data model. The results of this research can be used by cadastral data modellers to improve existing or develop new cadastral data models to support the requirements of 3D cadastres.     

矿产资源开发利用整合文献综述

矿产资源开发整合是优化矿山开采布局,提高矿产资源开发利用水平,改善矿山安全生产状况和矿山生态环境等方面的重要举措.针对我国矿产资源开发面临的资源浪费严重与环境污染问题,进行矿产资源开发整合有其必要性和紧迫性.在实施的过程中也形成了多种矿产资源开发整合模式.三年多来的矿产资源开发整合成就也说明矿产资源开发整合重要举措的及时性和正确性.     

Towards an Integrated Marketing System of Agricultural Products in Developing Countries

The myriad of deficiencies that are responsible for derailing efforts of development in the developing countries has among its culprits, most of the marketing activities and institutions. The agricultural sector is the most important sector of development in developing countries; furthermore, it comprises the most catastrophic problems. A model is deemed necessary, one which offers the decislon makers in developing countries an opponuniv to find a solution to these identifiable problems. Such a model was proposed in this study to integrate the marketing system for their agricultural products. The model is conceptual in nature and is based on a system's approach; considerations were given to the following variables: current environments, domestic and international conditions, internal and external determinants, plans, macro and micro decisions, modifiers, spheres of activities, marketing mix, switches and ultimate output.     

探索集体林区国有林场木材产销方式

本文对福建省国有林场木材产销方式进行探讨,提出木材产销采用包产包销的经营方式,对包产包销经营中的伐前准备、伐区招标、伐区管理进行了研究,达到了减少中间环节,降低木材生产成本,提高经济效益的目的。     

Structure and Dynamics of Livestock Marketing in Rural Uganda: Constraints and Prospects for Research and Development

ABSTRACT

The projected global expansion in consumption of meat and other livestock products potentially offers sub-Saharan African small-holder farmers opportunities to escape from the poverty trap. A necessary condition for exploiting this potential is the establishment of marketing systems that provide farmers with reasonable incentives to participate in the market. In this study, the functioning of livestock markets in rural Uganda is analyzed based on a survey of 401 livestock keepers, complimented with focus group discussions with livestock traders and policy planners. The first part is dedicated to the empirical analysis of key organizational and institutional arrangements. Constraints along the marketing chain as well as potential institutional solutions are illuminated. The second part is dedicated to propositions of new areas where more work and new results are needed to improve the functioning of the livestock marketing chain. Empirical findings indicated the following institutional constraints: a poor market information system, lack of grades and standards, lack of trade finance, poor contract enforcement and dispute settlement, disorganized actors, high transaction risks, and poorly developed marketing infrastructure. The study recommends a structured approach to livestock marketing, market infrastructure development, and emphasis on arbitration systems as specific ways of improving the efficiency of livestock marketing in Uganda and other developing countries.     

泛长三角区域协调发展与一体化研究

近年来,区域协调发展成为学术界以及政界的热点话题。泛长三角三省一市的综合实力有一定的差距,因此,研究泛长三角一体化具有一定的现实意义。文章通过对泛长三角一体化发展相关资料的梳理,总结出区域不协调的原因并提出相应建议。     

基于产教融合的食品科学与工程一流专业人才培养实践——以徐州工程学院为例

智能经济时代的到来,对于高等院校专业人才培养也提出了新的要求.基于食品产业需求导向的专业人才,不仅能满足区域经济发展和食品产业转型升级的时代需求,也符合高校产教融合人才培养转型的客观要求.徐州工程学院通过一系列人才培养实践,建立了食品产业需求导向的专业人才培养机制.通过分析徐州工程学院的案例可知,高等院校要基于时代和行...     

The Spatial Integration of Paddy Markets in Vietnam

This paper examines whether there is spatial integration between and within paddy markets in the north and south of Vietnam. The empirical model developed uses estimates of transfer costs to generalise Ravallion's model of spatial market integration to allow for threshold effects. A sequential testing strategy is used to test for market segmentation, the number of thresholds, long‐run integration, informational efficiency and the Law of One Price within an error‐correction framework. We find neither threshold effects nor weak evidence of paddy market integration between northern and southern Vietnam. There is, however, evidence of both threshold effects and stronger market integration within the Red and Mekong River deltas. Whenever price spreads exceed their thresholds, at least 60% of price changes are transmitted between regional markets within a month. Nonetheless, the instantaneous version of the Law of One Price only holds for a few regimes and market pairs. These results suggest that national level policies cannot be relied upon to stabilise or support paddy prices in Vietnam. Instead, policies need to be designed with the specific production, consumption and marketing characteristics of northern and southern Vietnam in mind.     

R&D and Innovation in Food Processing Firms in Transition Countries

We examine the implications of the liberalised economic conditions associated with the economic transformations in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) for R&D and innovation in the food processing sector. We use a dataset derived from the World Bank's Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS) database to examine the relationships between R&D/innovation activities in food processing firms in transition countries and (i) privatisation, (ii) foreign direct investment, (iii) trade activities, (iv) market competition pressure, and (v) economies of scale. The empirical analysis is implemented through: (i) a double‐hurdle model for R&D participation and expenditures, and (ii) a bivariate probit model for product and process innovation. We find that these economic transformations generally promote R&D/innovation activities in the food processing sector. Our results suggest that broadened and deepened economic liberalisation policies would improve the innovation performance of the food processing sector in transition countries, and would enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. They also indicate that innovation policies may need to be tailored to market and industrial characteristics of different transition regions.     

安徽省城乡融合发展的现状、问题与路径

城乡融合发展是城乡关系发展的新阶段,也是未来补齐农业农村发展短板,缩小城乡差距的关键举措。文章回顾了安徽省城乡融合发展的进程,重点梳理了党的十八大以来,安徽省城乡融合发展的主要举措及其成效,从城镇化水平、城乡收入差距、城乡资源要素流动等方面分析了城乡融合发展存在的问题。针对这些问题,文章提出了安徽省城乡融合发展应遵循的路径,为该区域未来制定城乡发展规划及政策提供理论支撑。     

林纸一体化:我国林纸结合的发展方向

回顾了我国林纸结合的艰难历程,阐述了林纸一体化的理论基础,认为林纸一体化是我国林纸结合的发展方向。市场交易内部化、降低交易成本是企业追求林纸一体化的基本动力;实现林纸一体化,是解决投资人工培育森林难获得社会平均利润问题的重要途径。我国林纸结合的主要形式有林纸契约合作、林纸股份合作、林纸一体化三种。建议国家尽快出台森林资源流转办法,促进林纸一体化。     

县域城乡融合发展：从边缘空间到创新空间 ——以杭州城西科创大走廊为例

研究目的：解析杭州城西科创大走廊从边缘空间到创新空间的理论逻辑与实践路径，为县域城乡融合发展提供理论支撑和实践参考。研究方法：文献研究法，归纳分析法，案例研究法。研究结果：（1）大走廊城乡融合发展经历了“组织制度建设与要素重组阶段”“制度体系完善与空间格局优化阶段”“从规划建设迈向全面优化发展新阶段”三个阶段；（2）大走廊从城乡边缘空间到创新空间的演变实现了经济空间、制度空间和社会空间相互关联、协作共存的迭代过程。研究结论：（1）构建的耦合空间生产理论与系统科学理论的分析框架有助于解析大走廊从边缘空间到创新空间的演化过程与路径；（2）未来大走廊发展应高效推动传统要素与创新要素的有机融合，提升国土空间规划、数字经济、人才生态等方面在空间生产过程中的功能耦合，推动城乡边缘空间高质量发展。     

统筹发展与安全背景下的城市更新行动——基于社会空间融合的视角

研究目的：以建设包容多元差异的社会空间为切入点，探索统筹发展和安全战略下城市更新促进城市共建共享共治的理论和现实路径，以期为中国城市的高质量发展和高水平安全提供参考。研究方法：文献分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）城市更新是处理城市发展和安全问题的重要手段，社会空间融合是存量发展阶段城市更新促进城市发展与安全统筹的关键工具；（2）社会融合理论和社会空间理论构成社会空间融合问题的认识基础，空间布局、资源配置、社会互动和身份认同是解构社会空间融合问题的4个关键维度；（3）空间融合、资源升级、纽带建立和认同感塑造是城市更新实现社会空间融合目标的4条理论路径；（4）城市更新促进社会空间融合的现实路径以空间治理为载体，并可以从多尺度共治、多主体合作和多维度干预三个方面展开。研究结论：统筹发展和安全背景下，社会空间融合应成为中国城市更新实践的重要导向。空间治理是城市更新的载体，通过多尺度共治、多主体合作和多维度干预助力社会空间融合的实现。