WTO争端解决中的专家意见

由于WTO争端解决的技术性和法律性日益强烈,专家意见受到了重视。专家组、上诉机构都可以发表或者接受专家意见。专家组拥有任命专家的权利,相关国际组织在其中发挥了重要作用。专家意见的作用在于解释事实,发表个人观点,本质上没有法律约束力,但它对案件的裁决具有影响力。有关专家意见的判断标准,可以依据所涉问题的实质法律标准、举证责任和审查标准予以分析。     

Shifting Demand: Online Music Piracy,Physical Music Sales,and Digital Music Sales

Traditionally, music has been sold to consumers by recording several individual songs/tracks in physical media such as CDs and cassettes. Sales of such physical music have been declining for the past several years. Many academic studies have attributed the decline of physical music sales to online music piracy, yet some other studies have not found evidence to support a negative relationship between online music piracy and physical music sales. Interestingly and importantly, we have observed that while many of the studies that found the negative relationship between online music piracy and physical music sales used data before 2003, other studies that do not find similar results have used post-2003 data. In fact, there was a significant structural change in the music market in 2003. Legal (iTunes-like) online channels for digital music that allow consumers to buy individual tracks became available during that year. This article complements the existing literature by analyzing the impact of online music piracy and physical music sales in the presence of iTunes-like legal channels for digital music using bivariate Granger testing. Our results show that the availability of legal channels for digital music has weakened the negative effect of online music piracy on physical music sales. Moreover, in the presence of legal channels for music distribution, digital music, not online music piracy, substitutes for physical music.     

音乐营销的秘密

在企业发展过程中,创新的思维和策略才能获得长远的发展。因此,营销人员需要运用与时俱进的营销手段以确保满足消费者不断变化的需求。随着经济的发展、科技的进步和消费者生活水平的提高,消费者的购买行为开始发生变化,他(她)们的购买行为不仅仅受到产品本身的影响,还受到购买环境的影响。随之,突破传统营销手段的音乐营销逐渐进入营销人员的视线。一些研究发现,购买环境中的音乐因素对消费者购买行为的影响更胜于产品本身。这篇论文首先介绍了音乐的三个特性:一致性、广泛性和情感性;其次介绍了音乐营销的作用;最后对全文进行了总结。     

背景音乐在营销课中的巧妙运用

首先,本文通过回忆营销课堂的一次案例讨论引出了背景音乐的话题;随后,本文提出了背景音乐在营销教学中的四大功效;最后,本文分别探讨了背景音乐在营销课堂中的运用技巧以及注意事项。     

Feel the Music! Exploring the Cross-modal Correspondence between Music and Haptic Perceptions of Softness

Haptic softness is a central product attribute for many fabric-related retailers. Can those retailers use music—an easy to implement in-store atmospheric cue—to influence consumers’ perception of this central product attribute? Across four studies, this research shows that high (vs. low) music softness enhances consumers’ haptic softness perceptions. We argue that this cross-modal effect occurs owing to a transfer of softness-related associations from the auditory to the haptic modality. To better inform retail practice, we examine three managerially relevant boundary conditions at the product and store levels. Specifically, high music softness increases haptic softness perceptions when (a) the product's haptic quality allows for the sufficient detection of softness, (b) hard flooring is present in the retail environment, and (c) consumers are unaware of music's influence. In terms of practically relevant consequences, we find that enhanced haptic softness perceptions ultimately result in more positive product evaluations like willingness to pay.     

论音乐欣赏中的感情体验要求

从欣赏者对音乐作品感情内涵体验的深浅角度出发进行论证,得出“准确、深刻和细致地体验音乐作品中的感情内涵,是音乐欣赏中感情体验的基本要求”,同时也是欣赏者自己的感情和音乐中表现的感情相互交融、发生共鸣的过程。而当欣赏者对某种音乐音响及其艺术风格不熟悉,不能正确地进行音乐感知时,则不可能获得正确的感情体验。欣赏者要从各个方面去研究和理解乐曲感情更深刻、更准确地领会音乐作品的感情内涵。     

Ethical Issues in the Music Industry Response to Innovation and Piracy

The current conflict between the recording industry and a portion of its customers who are involved in illicit copying of music files arose from innovations involving the compression and electronic distribution of files over the internet. This paper briefly describes some of the challenges faced by the recording industry, and examines some of the ethical issues that arise in various industry and consumer responses to the opportunities and threats presented by these innovations. The paper concludes by highlighting the risks associated with responses that threaten further innovation, ultimately reducing the chances of finding solutions that hold appeal for all parties.     

The Antecedents of Music Piracy Attitudes and Intentions

Piracy is the greatest threat facing the music industry worldwide today. This study developed and empirically tested a model examining the antecedents of consumer attitude and behavioral intention toward music piracy behavior. Two types of music piracy behavior, unauthorized duplication/download and pirated music product purchasing, were examined. Based on a field survey in Taiwan, the results showed that attributive satisfaction, perceived prosecution risk, magnitude of consequence, and social consensus are very important in influencing customers attitude and behavioral intention toward two types of music piracy behavior. In addition, singer/band idolization can affect the attitude and behavioral intention in the case of pirated music product purchasing. Perceived proximity was found to affect the attitude and behavioral intention in the case of pirated music product purchasing. However, it only influenced behavioral intention in the case of unauthorized duplication/download.Jyh-Shen Chiou (Ph.D. in Marketing, Michigan State), is professor of Marketing, Department of International Trade, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taiwan. His research focuses on consumer behavior and strategic marketing. His work has been published in Information & Management, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Journal of Service Research, International Journal of Advertising, European Journal of Marketing, Psychology & Marketing, Journal of Social Psychology, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, etc.Chien-yi Huang, Associate Professor, Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei College of Nursing. Sin-hui Lee, Graduate student, Department of International Trade, National Chengchi University.     

合理使用规则在网络音乐领域的确立与适用

著作权的实质在于法律赋予著作权人对其作品的合法垄断。建立合理使用制度其理论依据在于利益平衡考量,即创作者、传播者、使用者的个人利益与社会公众利益的基本平衡。而对于网络音乐下载是否收费的问题,归根到底是市场行为,受市场规律的影响,应由网络服务提供商和音乐作品著作权利人来共同决定。我国知识产权法学界应当深入研究国外相关理论和判例,细化我国《著作权法》的"合理使用"规则,让其真正成为一柄利器,为我国文化界形成百花齐放、百家争鸣的氛围做出应有的贡献。     

Name Dropping and Product Mentions: Branding in Popular Music Lyrics

Product placement provides a unique advantage over traditional advertising as it can be integrated into program content through a symbiotic relationship. A content analysis of the Billboard year-end top 20 songs for Rap, Country, R&B/Hip-Hop, Adult Contemporary, Rock, and Pop over five years (2009–2013) was conducted to determine the use of celebrities, product placement, and nonbranded product mentions in song lyrics. Results found male artists used celebrity mentions and product placement more than females, Rap contained the most mentions (73% of songs), clothing and shoes was the most prevalent product category, musicians were the most common type of celebrity mentioned, and nonbranded product mentions were in 54.5% of songs. The paper concludes by discussing practical implications of utilizing branded, nonbranded, and celebrity mentions in song lyrics.     

“礼崩乐坏”新释——先秦礼乐的传播学研究

从音乐作为媒介这一角度来看，春秋战国时期的“礼崩乐坏”可以有一个全新的阐释。作为传播手段，礼乐曾经是先秦时期礼仪制度的最主要的媒介，但随着文字的发展成熟和广泛使用，文字取代了礼乐，使礼乐失去了原有的重要地位。用文字的视觉便利取代礼乐的耳口相传，这是春秋战国时期“礼崩乐坏”的媒介技术原因。因此，“礼崩乐坏”作为春秋战国时代各种发展、破坏、革新的“社会大事件”之一，实质也是媒介技术发展使然。     

试论完善我国粮食供应链的若干对策

我国现行的粮食储备调节制度存在若干不足,如成本高、储备体系不健全、调控能力不强等。随着国内外粮食生产和粮食市场的变化,必须进一步完善我国的粮食储备调节制度。在健全中央和地方两级粮食储备的基础上,要进一步完善储备粮吞吐机制和粮食风险基金的运行机制,以应对国内外粮食市场的风险和保障我国的粮食安全。     

Ethical Decisions About Sharing Music Files in the P2P Environment

Digitized information and network have made an enormous impact on the music and movie industries. Internet piracy is popular and has greatly threatened the companies in these industries. This study tests Hunt-Vitell’s ethical decision model and attempts to understand why and how people share unauthorized music files with others in the peer-to-peer (P2P) network. The norm of anti-piracy, the ideology of free software, the norm of reciprocity, and the ideology of consumer rights are proposed as four deontological norms related to using P2P systems. The model is tested using a scenario survey with four alternatives; the results indicate that the deontological norm of anti-piracy is not a main factor in affecting P2P users’ ethical considerations regarding sharing files with others. This finding suggests that to protect their property rights, record companies should try to realize the consumer benefits brought via new digital and network technology, instead of simply declaring their intellectual property and resisting the innovations resulting from new technologies.     

Consumers' Online Information Search for a New Restaurant for Dining-Out

ABSTRACT

By Nelson (1970)'s categorization, purchasing a service such as dining-out at a new restaurant is ‘experience-oriented’ in its nature, and its quality cannot be easily searched before the actual consumption. However, it has been suggested that the interactive nature of the Internet will improve market efficiency by creating a new channel of communication that allows the provision of information about experience attributes in a readily available format (e.g., other consumers' rating online). The paper empirically investigates this notion by exploring consumers' online information search behavior for a new restaurant for fine dining. The extent of usage of various online information sources and the perceived importance of each source are investigated in the United States and in Taiwan. Results show that information from other consumers is considered more important than information from sellers, but that US consumers favor non-Internet sources of information while Taiwanese consumers favor online sources.     

Determinant Factors and Choice Intention for Chinese Restaurant Dining

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify important selection attributes for customers dining at Chinese restaurants in the state of Indiana, and the determinant and predicting factors in customers' intentions to return. A closed-ended questionnaire was used, and a systematic sampling approach was employed to survey a sample of customers in three Chinese restaurants in Indiana. The data were analyzed using factor and multiple regression analysis. A four-dimensional structure was established from 14 selection attributes. The results of the study indicated four dimensions that were significantly related to the likelihood of customers returning to the same restaurants, as follows: “Food and Environment,” “Service and Courtesy,” “Price and Value,” and “Location, and Advertising and Promotion.”     

关于完善国有企业经理薪酬制度的政策建议

在国有企业的改革浪潮中,国有企业经理的薪酬制度改革无疑是非常重要的。根据国有企业经理薪酬制度所存在的问题对其形成原因进行理论挖掘,并在评述国外经理薪酬制度实务的基础上,完善我国国有企业经理薪酬制度的建设。     

LED显示屏的原理及其无线寻呼通信方法

讨论了发光二极管(LED)字符显示屏的基本结构和工作原理，并在剖析上位机与显示屏的通信协议的基础上，实现了一种实用的无线寻呼通信方法。     

The Effects of Background Music on Consumer Responses in a High-end Supermarket

Abstract

This study examines the effects of in-store background music valence (liking) and music fit with the overall store image on consumer evaluative and behavioural responses in the context of a high-end supermarket chain. Based on the previous body of work, a conceptual model is developed to examine music valence on customer appraisal of store offering and personnel, and on the length of shopping time and the value of purchase. The influence of the perceived music fit with the overall store image on shopping time is also assessed in the model. The hypothesized relationships are examined via covariance analysis using store-intercept consumer data. Implications of the structural analyses results for management of retail store brands and for future research on music as an element of store atmospherics are discussed.     

餐饮企业提高顾客忠诚度的策略选择

随着生活节奏的加快,人们生活方式发生了改变,需要餐饮企业提供相应的满足人们需要的菜品和服务。餐饮企业之间的竞争激烈,要提高竞争力,必须提高餐饮企业顾客忠诚度。为此,餐饮企业必须以低成本策略让顾客吃得起,以差异化策略比竞争对手更好地满足顾客的需要,以此提高对顾客的吸引力;用亲情服务留住顾客,以产品和服务创新留住顾客,以优良的菜品和服务质量留住顾客,增加顾客的回头率;用先进的企业文化来树立企业的良好形象,开展数据库营销,构造与顾客交流的平台。     

BEVQUAL: a tool for measuring performance quality in beverage operations

The main objective of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the multidimensional nature of performance quality in beverage establishments. This study was based on a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. Interviews with beverage managers and customer focus groups were conducted to create an initial instrument. After that, 405 customers were surveyed, and the final BEVQUAL instrument was developed, including six dimensions that were measured with 23 items. Atmosphere, service quality, and pricing were shown to be good predictors of customer satisfaction, while ambiance, beverage quality, and location did not affect customer satisfaction.