Using Trade Shows Throughout the Product Life Cycle

Abstract

Trade shows have long been recognized as an important marketing tool when introducing new products. This study examines the effectiveness of trade shows across the product life cycle (PLC). The results indicate that trade shows are an effective promotion tool for products in any stage of the product life cycle, but the nature and objectives of show use change over the life cycle.     

Making Trade Shows Pay Off

Abstract

This article reviews the literature on IMC and then examines its development empirically in Turkey. In this paper, we explore perceptions of IMC derived from a sample of advertising agency executives, and explore how perceptions of IMC within the developing country of Turkey. The main aim of the survey was to explore how agencies implement, coordinate, and evaluate IMC programs, and examine barriers relating to these. Managerial and public policy implications of the study are also offered. Findings underpin global adoption of IMC even in conditions of economic turbulence. Moreover, the findings confirm that IMC (in Turkey) as elsewhere is more related to tactical implementation of promotion than to strategic business development.     

A Study of Exhibitor Firms at an Arabian Gulf Trade Show

Abstract

The 11th Joint Exhibition of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States provides a focus for a study of emerging market firms' behavior at a trade show. The exhibition industry continues to grow around the world. The purpose of the article is to expand the knowledge about exhibition behavior in different regions. Factor analysis is applied to investigate the underlying dimensions of the exhibition goals, the exhibition selection criteria and firms' perceived problems. Few differences were found between Gulf firms and firms previously studied in the USA, Canada and the UK. Implications for exhibitors, exhibition organizers, and researchers are presented.     

浅析农产品对我国农村集贸市场的影响

园区农产品有别于一般的农产品,根据其特点可以为其制定出相应的营销策略。综合性大型超市是园区农产品销售的主要形式,农村集贸市场也是园区农产品的主要销售渠道。我国农村集贸市场存在一些问题,我们要积极应对,找出解决农村集贸市场问题的对策。     

中国林产品贸易现状及对策研究

20世纪90年代以来,中国林产品需求大幅增加,森林资源的匮乏与林产品需求增加的供需矛盾使得林产品国际贸易成为中国对外经济贸易的重要组成部分。发展中国林产品贸易,应加强地区间经济合作,实现新型区域贸易框架,提高林业科技水平,优化林产品进出口结构,加大出口高附加值产品和非木质林产品,发展多种贸易方式,巩固和开拓国际市场。     

Consumer Shows in the Promotion Mix

Abstract

Consumer shows present a unique promotional opportunity by presenting a forum for attracting consumers with a specific interest in the products featured at the show. In this study we examine auto show attendees' perceived differences and similarities between attendance at an automobile consumer show and the traditional showroom visits made by automobile shoppers. Results of the study indicate that the promotional value of the show had a modest but positive impact on vehicle buying and leasing, a considerable positive influence on brand and model selection, but little influence on choice of dealer. We discovered that attendees perceive sales personnel they met at the show to be more knowledgeable, trustworthy and friendly than those they met at a dealership (even though the sales personnel at the show work at dealerships). Finally, we found that among the group from which most incremental purchases would be expected-those who came to the show with negative intentions but who then purchased a vehicle-the show is viewed more as a substitute for entertainment than for other shopping activities. The promotional implications of these results are then explored.     

国家利益与国际贸易理论的重构——西方贸易理论与马克思贸易理论的比较研究

西方国际贸易理论强调自由贸易给贸易各方及世界整体带来巨大利益,然而各国贸易政策的主流却是贸易保护,理论与现实的巨大反差折射出理论必然存在缺陷。本文认为这源于决定国际贸易政策的国家利益在西方国际贸易理论中的缺位。通过研究西方国际贸易理论和马克思国际贸易理论中对于国家利益的表述,并在分析基于西方国际贸易理论的贸易政策对于国家利益的保障机制的基础上,讨论了国际贸易理论的缺陷及其调整方向,最后以比较利益论为例讨论了重构国际贸易理论的一些原则和方法。     

论全球贸易新格局下湖南农产品贸易增长策略

农产品贸易对农业经济增长有贡献,并对经济和社会效益、资源环境均有影响。推动农产品贸易增长进入中高级阶段,必须优化贸易结构、内部激励与外部保障结合。     

Trade show boothscapes

Abstract

Trade shows continue to be second only to personal selling in business-to-business promotion. Exhibitors around the world seek to attract the proper attendees into their booths (stands), but design advice for accomplishing exhibitor goals is lacking. Designs intended to appeal to attendees indiscriminately only crowd booths with nonbuyers. Given the diversity of exhibitor goals, attendee motives and potential booth designs, exhibitors need to carefully weigh competing design elements. The theoretical underpinnings of retail atmospherics, service escapes and prior trade show research are juxtaposed with observations from a very large international industrial trade show. A variety of observations and interviews with marketing managers provide data from small to large exhibitors. A framework is proposed linking various design elements to specific exhibitor goals and attendee roles.     

Trade law and trade flows

This paper develops and estimates a model to study the effect of improving the quality of commercial trade law on trade flows. We focus on improvements aimed to privately resolve disputes among trading partners: international commercial arbitration and conciliation. The main novelty of the model is to explicit the balance between the contractual quality of importer and exporter (contractual distance) in an environment with informational frictions (contractual noise). Using a structural gravity estimation with high-dimensional fixed effects, the main contribution of the empirical exercise is to confirm previous results and unravel new traits that align with our theoretical results. Arbitration has a moderate and positive effect on exports that increases (decreases) with the contractual quality of the exporter (importer) and the remoteness of markets. The effects of conciliation are similarly positive, but only for similar trading partners with high levels of income. Results also suggest both domestic trade law reform and international treaties have a positive effect on trade, with a stronger effect of the latter.     

论我国政府在农产品进出口贸易中的促进作用

我国加入WTO后,推动了我国农产品进出口贸易发展,但不同发展阶段有不同的农业政策。近年来,贸易保护频频引发国际纠纷,农产品的贸易保护更是愈演愈烈,我国对外贸易正面临严峻的挑战。本文通过分析农产品进出口贸易现状及其面临的问题与挑战,结合WTO各主要成员国的对外贸易政策,讨论了我国政府在农产品进出口贸易中实施合理有效的政策而起到的平衡作用,以及为加快我国农产品对外贸易平稳发展政府应采取的措施。     

服务贸易与商品贸易的互补性及贸易平衡新解

国际分工的演进导致贸易比较优势出现新的变化，贸易模式也更加复杂。在国际贸易新格局下，贸易平衡表现为服务贸易和商品贸易互补下的总体平衡。随着国际分工的日趋深入，贸易失衡也将主要表现为服务贸易和商品贸易之间的结构性失衡。这与两者自由化进程的不对称密切相关。国际分工与贸易的新视野对于理解贸易平衡、解决贸易失衡具有启发意义。     

International Trade and Health Policy: Implications of the GATS for US Healthcare Reform

This paper examines the implications of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the World Trade Organization’s agreement governing trade in health-related services, for health policy and healthcare reform in the United States. The paper describes the nature and scope of US obligations under the GATS, the ways in which the trade agreement intersects with domestic health policy, and the institutional factors that mediate trade-offs between health and trade policy. The analysis suggests that the GATS provisions on market access, national treatment and domestic regulation, which are designed to eliminate ‘regulatory barriers’ to global trade in health services, limit the range of options that state and federal regulators and legislative bodies can employ to regulate the health sector and implement healthcare reforms. As such, the paper identifies the broader social and ethical implications of free trade policy.     

Customs-related Transaction Costs,Firm Size and International Trade Intensity

customs are generally perceived as a time-consuming impediment to international trade. However, few studies have empirically examined the determinants and the impact of this type of government-imposed transaction costs. This paper analyses the role of firm size as a determinant of customs-related transaction costs, as well as the effect of firm size on the relationship between these costs and the international trade intensity of firms. The results of this study indicate that customs-related transaction costs repress international trade activities of firms, even at low levels of these costs. The paper identifies transaction-related economies of scale, simplified customs procedures and advanced information and communication technology as main determinants of customs-related transaction costs. It is shown that when these factors are taken into account, firm size has no effect on customs-related transaction costs. Policy implications are considered for firm strategy and public policy.     

江苏对外经贸发展的政策调整与法制建设思考

我国加入WTO之后,江苏对外经贸发展获得了良好的外部环境,但还存在着促进性制度供给不足、产品缺乏自主知识产权、外贸依存度增长过快、环境整治中庸保守等问题。在我国加入WTO过渡期即将结束,省域经济持续发展的今天,亟需适当调整江苏的对外经贸政策,建立促进对外经贸发展的制度体系,强化企业知识产权创造价值,降低外贸依存度过高之风险。     

人工智能技术变革对国际贸易的影响

人工智能技术的快速发展正催生第四次工业革命,可能引发全球价值链深度重构和世界经贸格局重大变革。世界主要经济强国将发展人工智能技术作为争夺新一轮产业竞争优势的重要战略抓手。本文基于全球价值链视角研究人工智能技术变革对国际贸易的影响,我们发现人工智能技术变革可能推动国际贸易规模扩大,提升服务贸易份额,并促进国际贸易交易模式平台化、小宗化,可为中小企业创造更多参与国际贸易的机会。然而,人工智能技术变革也可能通过降低企业劳动力需求从而对我国等发展中国家的出口拉动型增长模式造成严重的潜在威胁。为应对人工智能技术变革,我国应部署并强化对人工智能产业发展的政策支持,加快培育制造业国际竞争新优势,大力推动先进制造业与现代生产性服务业深度融合发展,全面促进"中国制造"攀升全球价值链中高端。     

Migration,Unemployment and Trade

Using an oligopoly model of trade with asymmetric costs, we study the individual and world welfare implications of a hub and spoke trade agreement where the hub country is more efficient than spoke countries. Under a hub and spoke trade regime, the hub country can benefit at the expense of the spokes relative to free trade. Furthermore, if the hub is sufficiently efficient compared to the spokes, such a regime can yield higher global welfare than free trade. Preferential treatment of the efficient hub country in its export markets improves world welfare because it helps allocate a larger share of the world’s output to a low cost location.     

EXW贸易术语与专业市场出口贸易风险规避

近几年来,我国一些专业市场国际化发展迅速,外贸出口不断增加,外贸经营风险也时常发生。本文认为专业市场外贸出口交易具有EXW贸易术语的特征,客观认识EXW合同的性质,规范专业市场出口合同,采取特定化的措施是规避专业市场外贸出口风险的关键。     

绿色贸易壁垒文献综述

通过对绿色贸易壁垒相关文献的研究可知,绿色贸易壁垒具有鲜明的二重性,其实施过程和结果具有两面性,产生的影响既有积极的一面,也有消极的作用。有效应对绿色贸易壁垒,我国应充分发挥政府和行业企业的作用,加快建立和完善环境管理方面的法律、政策和制度,促进传统产业发展转型和升级改造,强化与贸易伙伴的环境技术合作,加强技术研发,加速开展绿色标准化生产,从而在动态管理中系统协调推进。今后,还需对绿色贸易壁垒的新形式、新特点、新趋势以及如何更有效地应对等方面进行进一步的深入研究。     

中美农产品贸易收益核算及贸易摩擦的影响分析

在全球生产分割的背景下,海关统计数据由于包含大量重复计算的成分,并不能真实反映一国某部门的贸易收益情况。文章通过构建跨国投入产出模型,定义增加值出口为衡量双边贸易收益的指标,从增加值出口变化趋势、行业分布情况及贸易收益的实现方式,分别剖析2000~2014年中美两国农产品各部门的增加值出口情况。发现中美农产品双边贸易的盈余方实为中国,农产品行业的大量增加值隐藏在本国的其他部门中出口。中国市场对美国农业经济的拉动作用在提升,两国农产品行业实现收益的方式不同,中国越来越趋向于附加值含量低的粗加工中间品出口。两国农产品贸易关系紧密,对第三国市场的依赖不断下降,中美贸易摩擦对两国农产品行业的收益都将造成较大的冲击。