供应链战略联盟问题研究

文章首先介绍了供应链战略联盟的内涵和特点,然后介绍了供应链战略联盟存在的问题,最后提出了构筑供应链战略联盟的一些有效措施。     

基于供应链战略联盟的竞争优势研究

在阐述供应链与供应链战略联盟内涵的基础上,以SWOT战略理论为分析框架来研究供应链战略联盟形成的原因,并从低成本竞争优势与差异化竞争优势两方面对供应链战略联盟所创造的竞争优势进行深入研究。     

Horizontal Strategic Alliances and Company Behavior

Abstract

Despite the growing interest over the last ten years in strategic alliances as a source of competitive advantage, such initiatives have often been affected by different sorts of problems during implementation. This paper examines the categories into which such problems can be classified-environmental problems, structural problems, and problems with management attitudes and expectations-and discusses their effect on two cases of horizontal strategic alliances in Brazil.

A pesar del creciente intérs en los últimos diez años con respecto a la utilización de alianzas estratégicas como una fuente para generar ventajas competitivas, estas iniciativas han sido frecuentemente afectadas ppor diferentes tipos de problemas en su fase de implementación. Este artículo examina las categorías en que estos problemas pueden ser clasificados-problemas ambientales, problemas estructurales y problemas inherentes a las actitudes y expectativas de la administración-y discute sus efectos en dos casos de alianzas horizontales en Brasil.

Apesar do crescente interesse a respeito de alianças estratégicas como uma fonte de vantagem competitiva durante os últimos dez anos, essas iniciativas tem sido freqüentemente afetadas por toda a sorte de problemas durante a implementação. Esse trabalho examina as categoriasnas quais esses problemas podem ser classificados-problemas ambientais, problemas estruturais e problemas com as atitudes e as expectativas dos gestores-e discute os seus efeitos sobre dois casos de aliança estratégica horizontal no Brasil.     

企业战略联盟与中国产业组织优化

企业战略联盟作为一种新型企业组织形式 ,能够促进我国企业的专业化分工与协作 ,抑制市场过度竞争 ,弥补企业兼并缺陷等。现阶段 ,应通过企业制度改革、企业组织结构调整和完善企业联盟内部运作机制等 ,促进我国企业战略联盟的发展。     

Strategic Implications of Alliances and Networks of Horizontal Portals in Brazil

ABSTRACT

This paper contributes to recent research on strategic networks by making evident the relevance of identifying network implications for the conduct and performance of firms that are embedded in alliance networks and other strategic relationships in a typical industry of the new economy. Through a study of horizontal portals in Brazil from 2000 to 2002, it shows that an assessment of the implications for these firms' networks can provide relational insights for corporate decision-making that could not be found through traditional strategic analyses, such as those of the positioning school or the Resource-Based View.

RESUMEN. Este estudio ofrece una contribución para un análisis realizado recientemente sobre las redes estratégicas, haciendo hincapié en la importancia que se debe dar a la identificación de las implicancias inherentes a estas redes, cuanto al comportamiento y desempeño de las empresas arraigadas en la alianza de redes y otras relaciones estratégicas, en una industria típica de la nueva economía. A través del estudio de los portales horizontales en el Brasil entre los años 2000 y 2002, se demuestra que una evaluación de las implicancias para las redes de dichas empresas puede suministrar una visión relacional para la toma de decisiones corporativas, inexistentes en los análisis estratégicos tradiciones, tales como los elaborados por las escuelas de posicionamiento o bajo la perspectiva denominada Resource-Based View.

RESUMO. O presente estudo contribui para pesquisas recentes sobre redes estratégicas, evidenciando a relevância da identificação das implicaç[otilde]es da rede para a conduta e desempenho das empresas envolvidas de redes e outros relacionamentos estratégicos em um setor típico da nova economia. Por meio da análise dos portais horizontais no Brasil de 2000 a 2002, o estudo mostra que uma avaliação das implicaç[otilde]es para essas redes de empresas pode gerar insights para processos decisórios corporativos que não são encontrados por meio de análises estratégicas tradicionais, como as da escola de posicionamento ou a visão baseada em recursos.     

推进武汉产学研战略联盟的思考

产学研战略联盟是提升自主创新能力的重要途径,推进产学研战略联盟已经成为中国实践可持续发展战略和科教兴国战略的自觉选择,分析了武汉产学研战略联盟的发展现状及其制约因素,提出了推进武汉产学研战略联盟的几点建议。     

摩托车企业组建战略联盟的经济学思考

改革开放以来,摩托车作为我国汽车工业中的一支生力军得到了迅猛发展。但2001年摩托车产业利润全线滑坡的事实迫使我们反思:摩托车产业路在何方?从成本效益角度来看,组建摩托车企业战略联盟是当前摩托车产业摆脱危机的明智选择。     

中小企业形成竞争性非互补战略联盟的动因分析

阐述了我国中小企业所处的经营环境和所面临的发展困境。提出了一种新型的战略联盟形式,即竞争性非互补战略联盟。并从企业所处环境的外在压力和内在需求,全面剖析了中小企业形成这种联盟的动因。这个问题的研究对于我国目前存在的大量同质化恶性竞争行业的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义,并为我国中小企业摆脱目前的发展困境,寻求新的发展道路提供借鉴。     

战略联盟的学习过程及其管理

随着商业环境的变化,战略联盟已成为企业提高竞争优势的有效途径,学习是企业参加战略联盟的主要动机。通过战略联盟学习类似于一种实物期权投资,在获取新知识和新技术方面将使企业更具有灵活性并能有效地控制投资风险。然而,战略联盟的学习过程比组织内部的学习过程存在更多的障碍。     

Toward an Organizational Economics of Heterogeneous Capabilities

The notion of “capability” has long been influential in management research as an approach to address firm-level heterogeneity and heterogeneity in competitive outcomes. I discuss how recent advances in economics may allow for a more rigorous understanding and measurement of capability that take organizational practices into account. However, economists may also learn from work on capabilities in management research.     

Understanding the antecedents of collateral learning in new product alliances

Recognizing that strategic alliances represent an important means for developing knowledge in critical arenas such as new product development, the authors advance the notion of collateral learning that assesses knowledge acquisition internal to a firm in the alliance. To examine its antecedents, the authors build on the behavioral theory of the firm and propose strategic importance and performance vulnerability as the motivational components and organizational similarity and alliance experience as the awareness components advocated in the theory. Results from 133 alliance firms suggest that both the motivational and awareness components are important in influencing collateral learning in new product alliances. Specifically, to develop collateral learning, firms should have extensive alliance experience and an acknowledged stake in their alliance partners. The results also support the theorized U-shaped relationship between organizational similarity of the alliance partners and collateral learning. Thus, collateral learning is facilitated when organizations are either similar or dissimilar, while medium levels of organizational similarity facilitate collateral learning to a relatively lower extent. Although performance vulnerability is found to be associated negatively with collateral learning, extensive alliance experience can attenuate this negative effect.     

Stakeholder Multiplicity: Toward an Understanding of the Interactions between Stakeholders

While stakeholder theory has traditionally considered organization’s interactions with stakeholders in terms of independent, dyadic relationships, recent scholarship has pointed to the fact that organizations exist within a complex network of intertwining relationships [e.g., Rowley, T. J.: 1997, The Academy of Management Review 22(4), 887–910]. However, further theoretical and empirical development of the interactions between stakeholders has been lacking. In this paper, we develop a framework for understanding and measuring the effects upon the organization of competing, complementary and cooperative stakeholder interactions, which we refer to as stakeholder multiplicity. We draw upon three forms of fit (i.e. fit as matching, fit as moderation, and fit as gestalts; Venkatraman, N.: 1989) to develop a framework for understanding stakeholder multiplicity based upon the direction, strength, and synergies of the interacting claims. Additionally, we draw upon the theory of stakeholder identification and salience of Mitchell et al. (1997), which we argue provides a more relevant and significantly more illustrative explanation of the nature and effects of stakeholder interactions upon the organization than the network approach of Rowley (1997). Furthermore, we ground our framework through reference to three stakeholder groups (i.e. governments, customers, and employees) and the stakeholder issue of concern for the natural environment. We propose a hierarchy of the multiplicity strength of influence of these three stakeholder groups. Potential measurement and implications are discussed.     

价值链视角下城市商业银行战略成本管理研究

城市商业银行异军突起,成为银行业发展最快的新生力量。为寻求长远发展,城市商业银行应进行战略成本管理。由于价值链分析是战略成本管理的核心,城市商业银行价值链中的战略环节包括研究开发、市场营销和客户服务环节,所以战略成本管理应围绕服务中小企业、实施金融产品差异化、开发战略联盟和发展网络银行四个方面进行。     

Contractual Discrimination in Franchise Relationships

Franchisors often modify the contract terms offered to prospective (new) franchisees – to incentivize growth in the number of franchisees, to access capital, or to improve their financial performance. We argue that changes in contract terms offered to new franchisees (contractual discrimination across franchisees) can alter existing franchisees’ perceived equity in their relationship with the franchisor, and affect their freeriding. Specifically, we hypothesize, and show, that positive (negative) discrimination towards new franchisees reduces (maintains) existing franchisees’ perceived equity in their relationship with the franchisor, motivating existing franchisees to increase (eschew) freeriding – with impact on franchisors’ performance. To do so, we first take advantage of an exogenous event (the great recession of 2007-09) to study how 120 restaurant franchisors changed their contract terms to new franchisees and how that affected their post-recession net income (Study 1). We show that changes in contracts for new franchisees impact franchisors’ post-crisis performance, as a function of the number of existing franchisees. Second, with two experiments (Studies 2 and 3) with entrepreneurs and franchisees, we document that the observed changes in performance occur because contractual discrimination affects existing franchisees’ perceived equity and their intentions to free-ride. Thus, we contribute to the literature on equity in franchising relationships, on contract evolution in franchising, and its impact on financial performance.     

Good Morning,Vietnam! Opportunities and Challenges in a Developing Franchise Sector

Until recently the development of franchising in Vietnam was hampered by a regulatory framework that did not recognize franchising as a discrete business relationship. The introduction of Vietnam's Franchise Law in 2005 provided, for the first time, a legal foundation for franchising, which was a necessary prerequisite for sector development. Although there are currently few business format franchise systems operating in Vietnam, there is an increasing presence of established international franchise systems and increasing numbers of local systems albeit at an early “product distribution” evolutionary stage. Moreover, the commercial environment for franchising is increasingly favorable: Vietnam is the fastest growing Asian economy after China and India and is experiencing strong gross domestic product growth and annual retail growth. This article addresses the development of franchising, and the challenges and opportunities for franchisers in Vietnam.     

Strategic Implications of Alliances and Other Linkages of Leading Telecom Operators in Brazil: Network and International Perspectives

In response to competitive pressures created by privatization, telecom firms in developing countries are establishing alliances and other types of linkages—mergers and acquisitions—with foreign partners to ensure customer competitive advantages in global markets. However, there have been very few studies on the alliances of telecom operators in Brazil, an increasingly important BRIC. This article presents the results of research that aimed to fill this gap by identifying, from a network/international perspective, the opportunities/threats created by the relevant linkages of leading telecom operators in Brazil. The results suggest that acquisitions—and especially alliance-type linkages with foreign partners—have created opportunities for boosting performance, in keeping with their new strategic profile.     

Benefits of Inner Strength for Franchise System Expansion

For every franchise system, making the leap from the unknown to the common place requires a strategic plan for growth. The exogenous market perspective holds that evaluating market conditions is central to defining promising outlet locations as there are direct economic effects on performance. The endogenous firm perspective and the social network approach together provide an inner strength perspective on interconnected firms; this perspective holds that access to resources offered at a certain spot determines site attractiveness, rather than location-specific market factors. Using a sample of 201 German franchisees, this study tests hypotheses that explore which perspective dominates location decisions in practice and clarify the relevance of the decisive criteria for outlet performance. Results show that location decisions rely on both perspectives, yet franchisee performance depends more on inner strength factors. We also find that expansion is better served by following a geographically dispersed cluster approach than by growing steadily from a baseline site.     

Cause-Related Marketing: Keys to Successful Relationships with Corporate Sponsors and Their Customers

SUMMARY

An increasingly popular method for nonprofits to raise awareness, educate the public, and receive financial support from corporations is through cause-related marketing. The distinctive feature of cause-related marketing is the corporate sponsor's contribution to a designated cause being tied to customers' participating in revenue-producing transactions with the sponsor. The sponsor benefits from favorable publicity and increased sales. This article discusses factors contributing to the potential success of a cause-related marketing campaign: the sponsor's product quality, fair pricing, and customer traits; the nonprofit's and the sponsor's reputation, shared values, good communication, and commitment; a well-planned and executed campaign, and specific terms that protect both party's assets and clearly outline each party's responsibilities.     

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through the Application of Open Systems Theory and the Development of Strategic Alliances: A Guide for Managers of Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT

To effectively compete in today's competitive business environment, nonprofit organizations need to operate as open systems developing strategic alliances with key actors. To help managers of nonprofit organizations develop such relationships, open systems theory is explained, the phrase “strategic alliances” is defined, and a system of alliances is presented as a tool for identifying and analyzing potential relationships.     

渠道关系中社会资本对战略绩效的作用路径研究

目前社会资本在促进渠道成员的合作中扮演了重要作用,但有关社会资本对企业绩效之间的作用机制还需要做进一步探究。针对这一现象,文章基于渠道关系视角,探讨了结构社会资本和关系社会资本对战略绩效的作用路径。基于393家中国计算机及其零件行业的企业数据,引入知识冗余和共同解决问题两个中间变量,建立了社会资本、共同解决问题、知识冗余和战略绩效间的关系模型,实证研究结果发现：结构社会资本和关系社会资本会通过促进知识冗余和共同解决问题进而提升战略绩效。研究结论拓展了渠道关系管理、社会资本领域的研究,并对企业实践具有指导意义。