银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(一)非现场稽核预警及其发展趋势

编者按 风险防范是金融界一个永恒的话题.从1991年国际商业信贷银行倒闭、1995年具有233年历史的英国巴林银行被收购,到1997年发生的东南亚、东亚、俄罗斯、巴西、阿根廷等一系列金融危机,都反复证明了金融风险防范的重要性.     

Foreign participation and banking competition: Evidence from the Indonesian banking industry

Foreign participation in Indonesian banking has expanded from the establishment of foreign de novo banks into the acquisition of existing local banks. The increase in foreign participation has therefore not been associated with a growing number of banks. This study aims to examine the competitive behavior of foreign and local banks as a competitive banking industry is important in boosting economic efficiency and economic growth. This study also examines the role of modes of entry of foreign banks on competition, either through the establishment of foreign de novo banks or the acquisition of local banks. The recent methodological refinements of the Panzar–Rosse method developed by Bikker et al. (2011) are employed to estimate the level of competition among local and foreign banks. Generally, the foreign banks, particularly foreign de novo banks behaved more competitively than local banks, and their penetration is therefore important in creating a contestable market. This study found that in terms of assets, on average foreign de novo banks were smaller, more efficient, and had lower overhead costs, so they could offer lower loan rates and disburse more loans. The recent consolidation in the Indonesian banking industry may have an adverse impact on competition as it restricts the establishment of foreign de novo banks.     

Islamic finance development and banking ESG scores: Evidence from a cross-country analysis

An extensive body of literature on CSR examined its effects on several business dimensions. However, little attention has been paid on the relationship between the growing role played by Islamic finance, its connection with sustainability and the drivers of such relationship.Based on a sample of 224 banks from sixteen emerging and advanced countries in the period 2014–2017, this paper assesses whether and to what extent the development of Islamic financial markets relates to banks’ sustainability strategies. We propose a novel perspective that includes the new Islamic Finance Development Indicator (IFDI), its components and how it relates to aggregate and individual ESG scores.Our results show a positive relationship between IFDI and ESG scores that mostly revolves around the social pillar. This finding strengthens the generally acknowledged link between Islamic finance and sensitivity to social implications, despite gains in sustainability are subject to non-linearity.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(二)非现场稽核预警系统总体设计

目前,美、英、法、德等发达国家金融机构的日常监管主要依靠非现场监管.与现场监管相比,非现场监管更具全面性、连续性和预警性,它既可同时对所有分支机构的经营状况进行各种分析比较,全面反映银行经营业务的整体情况;又能根据各分支机构的业务情况进行动态跟踪与实时连续性分析,及时发现问题并发出预警信号.1996年开始,中国人民银行对国内商业银行的监管方式从以现场检查为主向以非现场监管为主转变,建立和完善非现场监管体系已成为国内各银行监管部门的一项主要工作.     

Bidder returns and merger anticipation: Evidence from banking deregulation

This paper examines the anticipated components of bidder returns by focusing on the banking industry around the passage of interstate deregulation (Riegle Neal Act of 1994). Overall, firms that became bidders after Riegle Neal have large significant positive returns during its passage. Moreover, these positive wealth effects are significantly larger than the effects at the merger announcement. These results suggest that bidder returns are anticipated and focusing only on narrow event windows underestimates gains to bidders. Finally, the positive bidder returns appear to provide evidence against both the entrenchment and hubris hypotheses. Additional tests provide evidence to suggest that mergers are motivated by synergy rather than disciplinary motives.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(六)计算机审计技术方法

全球经济一体化和科学技术信息化的发展进程,促进了电子商务系统的不断普及,并使企业管理朝着信息化的方向快速发展.企业计算机会计系统的推广应用,使传统的手工稽核监督手段发生了重大变化,计算机审计便应运而生了.对于计算机审计的概念,国外学者认为,计算机审计是对电子数据处理(EDP)系统的审计;以计算机为审计工具,辅助审计人员开展的审计工作称为计算机辅助审计.国内的专家学者则普遍认为,审计人员是第一位的和最重要的.目前,国际审计界习惯把对计算机电子数据处理系统(EDP)的审计称为计算机审计.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(五)计算机舞弊审计

当我国加入世贸组织后面临以信用为准绳的全球竞争时,"打造诚信中国"的提议便应运而生了.中国已经迈开信用机制法制化的步伐:信用制度的建立已被正式列入"十五"规划.在重塑"诚信中国"的进程中,只有有效地揭露和打击欺诈、造假等营私舞弊行为,让失信者在社会上没有立足之地,信用制度才能建立起来.稽核审计部门应该在揭露和打击经济领域中的贪污、盗窃、伪造财务报表、篡改会计记录等违法犯罪的舞弊行为方面,发挥其应有的作用.为此,研究和借鉴西方发达国家在计算机舞弊审计方面的经验教训是非常必要的.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(三)非现场稽核预警系统功能设置

银行在完善非现场稽核预警系统总体设计的基础上,关键是要设置好非现场稽核预警系统的备项功能,它是具体实现非现场稽核与风险预警的实际内容。该系统各项功能的充分展现需要应用计算机网络通讯技术手段,以达到实现非现场监管系统的先进性和实务性,全面贯彻落实国家对金融系统实施稽核监管工作的指示精神,提高金融统计、会计、稽核和监管水平。银行建立非现场稽核预警体系的功能设置如下。     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(四)银行计算机应用系统的风险控制

网络通信技术的发展,使电子商务成为银行不断创新金融服务的有力手段.但是,网络通信也面临计算机犯罪和黑客攻击等诸多威胁.为此,加强防范金融领域的计算机犯罪将是一项复杂艰巨的长期任务.在银行计算机应用系统中,对会计、资金管理等核心业务系统的风险防范至关重要.只有强化计算机应用的内部风险控制体系,才能防范金融风险,保障银行业务的安全、稳健运行.会计系统是银行业各种计算机应用系统的核心,也是银行监管工作的重点.下面就以计算机会计系统为例,介绍银行计算机应用系统的风险控制.     

The implication of banking competition: Evidence from African countries

This paper examines how bank efficiency and stability are affected by the market power in Africa. Our results show that the higher degree of market power is associated with high level of efficiency and profitability. The banks with more market power operating are able to be in command of the price and hence improve their profit. The market power has a benefit in both stability and risk. Hence, gain in market will increase the stability and reduce the risk for banking system. Our findings do not support the argument that competition should not be based on a “quiet life hypothesis”.     

Internet finance development and banking market discipline: Evidence from China

Depositor discipline is the only viable and universal source of banking market discipline in China. This paper investigates whether the depositor discipline of banking works in the context of an emerging economy under financial repression and implicit government guarantee, such as the Chinese economy; how banking market discipline is affected by Internet finance development; and whether the impact of Internet finance development on market discipline changes across heterogeneous banks. The results suggest that, in general, measures of bank risk are negatively associated with the growth of deposit volumes. Internet finance development alters the sensitivity of deposit growth ratios to some bank risk measures. For non-state-owned banks, fewer measures of bank risk are significantly negatively associated with the growth of deposit volumes, and the attenuation impact of Internet finance development on market discipline for bank capitalization instead relatively increases. For large banks, market discipline works significantly, except in the case of the bank capitalization variable; moreover, these significant market disciplines are strengthened with the development of Internet finance.     

Firm valuations and board compensation: Evidence from alternative banking models

This study examines whether the board of directors' compensation schemes affect stock market valuations for banks in a dual banking system (Islamic and conventional banks). We employ an international sample of 11 countries for the period 2010–2015. Our results show that for the full sample (i.e. irrespective of the bank type), board of directors' compensation has a significant and positive impact on stock market valuations. For different bank types, we find that the positive effect of the board of directors' compensation on market valuations holds only for conventional banks, with insignificant evidence for their Islamic counterparts. We, also, examine the impact of Shari'ah supervisory board's compensation on Islamic banks value. Our results show that investors positively perceived and priced information related to this boards' compensation.     

Monetary policy and bank lending:: Evidence from German banking groups

This paper analyses the impact of monetary shocks on bank lending in Germany. We follow a cross-sectoral approach by looking at six different banking groups. In general, smaller banks hold a larger buffer of liquid assets which they can use to offset monetary shocks. In addition, the response of bank lending after a monetary contraction is very different across banking sectors. Lending by the credit co-operatives, which are on average the smallest banks, declines most, whereas big banks are able to shield their loans portfolio against monetary shocks. Overall, our results provide support for the existence of a bank lending channel.     

The impact of banking sector reform in a transition economy: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

We examine the impact of financial sector reform on interest rate levels and spreads using Kyrgyz bank-level data from 1998 to 2005. We find that, in addition to macroeconomic stabilization, structural reforms to the banking sector significantly contributed to lower interest rates. In particular, our results suggest that foreign bank entry and regulatory efforts to increase average bank size were important in reducing deposit rates. In contrast, we find little evidence that banking sector reform or macroeconomic stabilization has impacted interest rate spreads.     

Customer emotional regulation and relationship quality: Evidence from the banking industry

The aim of this paper is twofold: first to examine the extent to which customer perceptions of employee deep/surface acting influence customer deep/surface acting; second to assess the degree to which customer deep/surface acting strengthens/weakens the level of relationship quality (RQ). Survey data were collected from (291) respondents from 13 banks located in Jordan. Two key findings emerged from the current study. First, when customers encountered authentic employees (i.e., deep acting), they were more likely to modify their internal feelings to match the required displays, and less likely to express unauthentic emotions. On the other hand, when customers encountered unauthentic emotions, they were less likely to express unauthentic emotions. Second, customer deep acting is found to be positively associated with relationship satisfaction, commitment, and trust, whereas customer surface acting is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction and trust. This study adds to the body of knowledge on the antecedents of RQ through identifying customer emotional regulation as a key determinant of that.     

Finance and employment: Evidence from U.S. banking reforms

Economic theory offers competing hypotheses about how the cost and availability of finance influence labor market outcomes. Making use of the U.S. banking reforms between the 1970s and the 1990s as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper studies the impact of credit market development on employment. This paper documents the significant effects of these reforms on employment growth. Potential channels between finance and employment are also investigated. Changes in the growth of the number of self-employed individuals, the entry and exit of firms, and investment growth do not explain most of the employment growth following the reforms. The reforms had a substantially higher impact in industries with higher labor intensity, which is consistent with the idea that labor has fixed costs that need to be financed.     

Internal marketing and employee commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry

Attracting the right mix of employees and getting them committed to the goals and objectives of the organization is a major issue facing service organizations. Scholars have recommended that internal marketing is positively associated with employee commitment but little empirical research exists that has examined the relationship between internal marketing and employee commitment especially in the financial services sector. The current study investigated four internal marketing practices – empowerment, rewards, training and development, and communication and their impact on employee commitment in the retail banking industry. Using data from 410 employees of banks in Ghana, the empirical results indicated that, with the exception of communication, the factors are positively associated with employee commitment. The study concludes that in order to influence employee behaviour in the banking industry in Ghana, bank management must implement measures that provide direct benefits to employees. The strategic implications of the findings are discussed in the article.     

Heterogeneous market structure and systemic risk: Evidence from dual banking systems

This paper investigates how banking system stability is affected when we combine Islamic and conventional finance under the same roof. We compare systemic resilience of three types of banks in six GCC member countries with dual banking systems: fully-fledged Islamic banks (IB), purely conventional banks (CB) and conventional banks with Islamic windows (CBw). We employ market-based systemic risk measures such as MES, SRISK and CoVaR to identify which sector is more vulnerable to a systemic event. We also compute weighted average GES to determine which sector is most synchronised with the market. Moreover, we use graphical network models to determine the most interconnected banking sector that can more easily spread a systemic shock to the whole system. Using a sample of observations on 79 publicly traded banks operating over the 2005–2014 period, we find that CBw is the least resilient sector to a systemic event, it has the highest synchronicity with the market, and it is the most interconnected banking sector during crisis times.     

Bank credit and economic activity: Evidence from the texas banking decline

In the latter half of the 1980s, banking difficulties were concentrated in Texas. Because of the magnitude of these financial difficulties, interest has focused on whether an alleged inability or unwillingness of Texas banks to extend loans hampered economic growth in the state. Using various measures of banking-sector activity and economic activity in Texas over the period 1976:I-1990:IV, a structural VAR model of the Texas economy is estimated. Variance decompositions measure the interdependence of the banking and real sectors of the economy. Our results indicate a strong effect from the real sector to the financial sector. We find little evidence, though, that the deterioration observed in the Texas banking sector contributed to reduced economic growth.     

Adverse Information and Dealer Spreads: Evidence from Dutch Auction Repurchases

The Dutch auction repurchase has become an increasingly popular alternative to open market repurchases and self-tender offers for the distribution of earnings to shareholders. In a Dutch auction, the repurchase price is not determined by a managerial decision, but by shareholders. The extent to which a Dutch auction signals private information is tested by examining stock returns and bid-ask spreads. Stock prices increase and bid-ask spreads widen during the announcement of a Dutch auction; prices decrease and spreads narrow at expiration. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the final repurchase price, Dutch auctions initially increase the risk to which security dealers are exposed. As information asymmetry among managers, investors, and dealers is reduced at expiration, security dealers no longer need to protect themselves from information trades.