生态补偿对贫困农户生计能力影响的定量分析

由于生态环境问题的日益突出,国家近年施行了一系列类似生态补偿的保护环境的重大工程.退耕还林工程即是其中之一.基于生态补偿项目社会公平性考虑和项目实施的客观扶贫效果,有关贫困农户的生计影响研究成为近年来国内外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题.本文利用英国海外发展部(DFID)提出的可持续生计分析框架(SLA),初次构建了生态补偿对贫困农户生计能力影响的具体测度指标体系,并以甘肃省陇南市武都区为例,进行了定量计算分析,并讨论了贫困地区生态补偿政策制定中亟需改进的问题.     

生态补偿与区域发展关系研究的进展及展望

基于生态补偿项目设计的目标和项目实施产生的效应,有关生态补偿对区域发展影响的研究成为近年来国内外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题。本研究从生态补偿对环境改善、区域经济和社会发展产生的影响进行了回顾并分析了生态补偿对区域发展影响研究的最新进展;最后提出了中国生态补偿项目在设计和实施过程中需要改善的问题。     

生态补偿对不同收入农户扶贫效果研究

生态补偿脱贫作为中央提出脱贫"五个一批"工程中的一项重要内容,意味着在扶贫攻坚的大背景下,生态补偿被赋予了新使命。探索贫困地区现有生态补偿政策的扶贫效果,对于进一步完善中国生态补偿的机制构建具有重要意义。本文基于贵州省3个贫困县的实地调研数据,运用均值回归和分位数回归方法对调研区域内生态补偿的现金直接补偿和公益岗位间接补偿方式的扶贫效果进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:在现金直接补偿项目中,退耕还林项目对中高收入群体有显著的正向影响,生态公益林项目对不同收入群体没有显著的影响,而公益岗位型间接补偿项目对低收入农户家庭收入有较大影响,退耕还林补偿和公益岗位型补偿具有一定的互补性。这意味着只有基于农户的异质性特点对生态补偿机制进行精心设计,发挥不同生态补偿项目的协同作用,才能更好地实现生态保护和缓解贫困两个目标。     

国家重点生态功能区生态补偿扶贫长效机制研究

[目的]在国家重点生态功能区内将生态补偿项目与扶贫战略相结合,是有效实现贫困地区脱贫攻坚与生态文明建设"双赢"目标的重要途径。基于对国家重点生态功能区生态补偿与扶贫的辩证关系分析,归纳目前在我国推进生态补偿扶贫的机遇和挑战,并提出构建国家重点生态功能区生态补偿扶贫长效机制的对策建议,以期为相关政策的制定提供有益借鉴。[方法]运用文献分析法和综合分析法,对国家重点生态功能区内贫困与生态环境、扶贫与生态补偿之间的关系进行辩证分析,并系统归纳在国家重点生态功能区实施生态补偿扶贫所存在的机遇和挑战。[结果]贫困是生态环境退化的主要诱因之一,生态环境恶化又进一步加剧了贫困。生态补偿是扶贫的重要措施,但不能把两者等同起来。生态文明建设和生态补偿与扶贫的不断结合为生态补偿扶贫提供了新的机遇;法制监管和长效保障机制的缺失、各部门管理职责交叉,缺乏统一管理、市场化参与程度过低,公众补偿意愿不高、补偿标准难以确定,补偿方式过于单一等问题对生态补偿扶贫的顺利实施造成了重大的挑战。[结论]应从不断加快体制机制创新、提供可持续的生计模式、兼顾公平与效率、大力进行生态修复和农村环境建设等方面构建国家重点生态功能区生态补偿扶贫的长效机制。     

我国农村实施生态补偿的对策研究

本文从我国农业生态环境现状出发,阐述了我国农业生态问题和经济贫困的互动机理,明确了我国农村实施生态补偿的作用,提出了明确生态补偿主次、开展后续产业建设、努力争取优惠政策以及实施对口帮扶工程的政策建议。     

流域生态补偿实践的国内外比较

采用文献回顾法、归纳法,剖析和对比国内外流域生态补偿典型案例,分析我国流域生态补偿实践在补偿机制层面与项目实施层面存在的问题,提出我国流域生态补偿研究和实践需借鉴国外在流域生态补偿方面的成功经验,应该重点在补偿机制的理论研究、相关法律法规建设、补偿机制设计及PWES项目实践等方面作出努力。     

生态补偿政策的减贫路径研究综述

生态补偿政策作为生态扶贫的重要手段,对生态脆弱的贫困地区实现脱贫攻坚目标、巩固脱贫成果起到非常关键的作用。本文从生态补偿政策与贫困之间的关系入手,对生态补偿政策与减贫的国内外经典文献和研究进展进行了系统梳理,总结归纳了生态补偿政策与减贫的分析框架和生态补偿政策的减贫路径,认为不仅要关注生态补偿政策对减贫的影响过程,还要注重以政策为联结,生态系统与生计系统之间的相互作用。本文认为,未来应基于多学科理论和方法,多源、多时空尺度数据深入开展生态扶贫政策的理论和实证研究,明晰生态扶贫战略实施的关键条件和机制,本文为有效发挥生态补偿政策的减贫作用提出了相关对策建议。     

重点生态区位商品林生态补偿利益相关者演化博弈研究

根据演化博弈理论,构建动态演化博弈模型,探讨重点生态区位商品林生态补偿过程中各利益主体在有限理性条件下的利益驱动、决策行为和依据以及主体间交互作用下的演化稳定策略,分析在不同情境下影响林农和地方政府演化博弈均衡的因素。研究结果表明:两大博弈主体的策略选择和策略演化方向依赖于初始状态及其演化路径,并与博弈矩阵的参数有关;地方政府的行为决策直接影响生态补偿项目的可持续性;作为项目的直接实施主体,林农的积极性与响应度直接影响生态补偿项目的实施效果。因此,应该建立健全生态补偿,完善生态环境保护激励机制,构建政府主导、林农参与的环境保护工作机制。     

生态补偿政策与减贫效应研究:综述与展望

生态补偿与贫困之间的关系一直受到生态经济学领域众学者的关注,其研究对于推进生态文明建设,促进城乡之间、区域之间和相关利益者之间的协调共生发展有着重要的价值和意义。文章梳理了在减贫方面的主要生态补偿类型、补偿方式及补偿标准,重点综述生态补偿对贫困地区区域经济、农户收入、生计资本和农户就业等方面的影响与效果评价,由于研究区域、研究时点、农户类型和补偿方式的差异,得到的研究结论存在较大差异。最后对生态补偿在农户减贫方面进行简要评述,提出未来的研究方向。     

农村土地生态补偿机制:实践案例与制度优化

四川省农村土地生态补偿的典型案例,反映了我国当前的普遍问题:生态保护较好的区域陷入"生态诅咒";受偿意愿未得到满足;现有补偿标准偏低。其深层原因在于生态补偿缺乏法律基础、产权基础、谈判机制和造血机制。优化生态补偿制度的基本逻辑在于通过外部性问题内部化及明晰产权解决"公地悲剧"和"搭便车行为"。补偿标准的内在逻辑是在顶层设计框架下,通过补偿双方博弈,对土地利用的直接成本与机会成本进行补偿。补偿方式的内在逻辑是收入贫困与可行能力贫困的双重脱贫。农村土地生态补偿的实现路径是分区、分层、分类生态补偿。     

Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Payment‐for‐Environmental‐Services Programmes

Understanding farmers’ willingness to participate in agricultural payment‐for‐environmental‐services (PES) programmes is an essential precondition for designing effective and efficient programmes. Willingness to participate is typically examined via stated preference surveys using the standard hurdle model for whether and how much to participate. Among respondents who decline to participate, such analyses cannot distinguish between respondents who declined due to the payment level and those who were not interested at all. This paper applies a double hurdle model to incorporate a prior condition for whether a respondent is even willing to consider participating in the PES market. The model uses a unique stated preference survey permitting separation of the consideration and enrolment decisions of 1,700 farmers in Michigan, USA. The first hurdle probit model suggests that farmers’ willingness to consider PES chiefly depends on farm and farmer characteristics, while the second hurdle tobit model shows that decisions on whether and how much to enrol depend more on the payment offer and marginal benefit–cost criteria. This study provides fresh insights on facilitating farmer participation in PES programmes using tiered strategies that differ in costs of programme payment and administration.     

Policy lessons from spatiotemporal enrollment patterns of payment for ecosystem service programs in Argentina

Payment for ecosystem services schemes (PES) are lauded as a market-based solution to curtail deforestation and restore degraded ecosystems. However, PES programs often fail to conserve sites under strong long-term deforestation pressures. Underperformance, in part, is likely due to adverse selection. Spatial adverse selection occurs when landowners are more likely to enroll parcels with low deforestation pressure than parcels with high deforestation pressure. Temporal adverse selection arises when parcels are enrolled for short time periods. In both cases, financial resources are allocated without having a sizeable impact on long-term land use change. Improving program performance to overcome these shortcomings requires understanding attributes of landowners and their parcels across large scales to identify spatial and temporal enrollment patterns that drive adverse selection. In this paper, we examine these patterns in Argentina’s PES program in Chaco forest, a global deforestation hotspot. Our study area covers 252,319 km². Results from multinomial logistic regression models showed that large parcels of enrolled land and parcels owned by absentee landowners exhibit greater evidence of spatiotemporal adverse selection than smaller parcels or parcels owned by local landowners. Furthermore, parcels managed under land use plans for conservation and restoration are more likely to be associated with adverse selection than parcels managed for financial returns such as harvest of non-timber forest products, silviculture, and silvopasture. However, prior to recommending that PES programs focus on land uses with higher potential earnings, a greater understanding is needed of the degree to which these land uses meet ecological and biodiversity goals of PES programs. We suggest that increased spatial targeting of enrollment, along with enrollment of local landowners and further incentives for land uses that support conservation and restoration, could promote long-term conservation of forest lands.     

“I like to conserve the forest,but I also like the cash”. Socioeconomic factors influencing the motivation to be engaged in the Mexican Payment for Environmental Services Programme

Two of the main motives for people to be engaged in the Mexican Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programme are forest conservation and the income received from the programme. We explore the socioeconomic conditions that support choosing these motives. We used data from a 2012 nationwide survey, processed through logit models. Significant factors influencing the desire to conserve as a motive were family welfare improvement, land use change intention, and training. Those affecting income as a motive were formal education, indigenous people participation and training. Finally, factors related to both conservation and income, as a motive, were formal education, training, PES influence in water management, and land boundary conflicts. Income and conservation are not mutually exclusive motives for engagement in the programme, given that in developing countries income from PES may reduce the socioeconomic pressures triggering land use change, and has a role in conservation efforts, already present in many rural communities.     

Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: Insights from China's Sloping Land Conversion Program in Yunnan Province

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) pays millions of farmers to convert cropland in upper watersheds to tree plantations. It is considered one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme for its reliance on financial incentives. This paper examines the outcomes of the SLCP by way of a case study from the Yangliu watershed in Yunnan province. It focuses on the notions of justice embedded in state policy and held by villagers and local state officials in order to understand the observed outcomes in terms of people's participation in the implementation of the SLCP, land use changes and livelihood effects. Villagers, local state officials, and state policy share a primary concern about distributive justice despite significant differences in their specific notions. The shared concern underlies the villagers’ positive reactions to the SLCP, which among other factors, have led to the intended expansion of tree plantations and a livelihood transition in Yangliu since 2003. The insights from Yangliu suggest the need to consider justice for a fuller understanding of the dynamics and outcomes of the SLCP and other PES schemes worldwide as the notions of justice applied by the involved actors may influence land use and livelihood dynamics in addition to the other factors considered in research this far.     

农户参与生态补偿项目意愿的定量测度研究

从甘肃省陇南市农户的自身意愿出发,结合180份调查问卷,通过Logistic回归分析方法,对影响农户参与退耕还林项目意愿的因素进行分析的结果表明:调查地区的农户更多地希望补偿的多种搭配方式,而非单一的资金和实物补偿;陇南市贫困地区农户的人力资本和物质资本每增加一个单位,农户参与退耕还林项目的可能性比不参与的可能性分别增加0.22和0.14,并据此提出了今后在该类区域生态补偿项目中亟需改善的问题。     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services programs in China on rural household labor allocation and land use: Identifying complex pathways

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is increasingly used in developing countries to secure the sustainable provision of vital ecosystem services. The largest PES programs in the world are embedded in China’s new forest policies, which aim to expand forest cover for soil and water conservation and improve livelihoods of rural people. The objective of this study is to identify the complex pathways of the impacts of two PES programs , the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP) and the Ecological Welfare Forest Program (EWFP), on household livelihood decisions, and to quantify the direct and indirect impacts along the identified pathways. We fulfill this objective by developing an integrated conceptual framework and applying a Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM), based on household survey data from Anhui, China. Labor allocation (for on-farm work, local paid work, local business, or out-migration) and land use decisions (i.e., rent in, maintain, rent out, or abandon cropland) for participating households are key to understand PES program effects on livelihoods. Results show that the PES programs have only small direct effects but significant indirect effects via the mediating factor of capital assets. Moreover, group heterogeneity analysis shows that lower-income households do not benefit more than the better-off households from the PES programs, while households with medium wealth increase dependence on agriculture. In addition, household demographics, individual attributes, and geographic settings differ in their impacts on labor allocation and land use decisions. We conclude that CCFP and EWFP would be more efficient in conserving the environment while improving the economic welfare of lower-income households if capital assets were taken into account in the design of compensation schemes.     

Impact of local payments for ecosystem services on land use in a developed area of China: A qualitative analysis based on an integrated conceptual framework

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have increasingly been applied as economic incentives for improving ecosystem services around the world. However, due to difficulties in measuring and attributing ecosystem services provisioning, a land-based approach has been popularly adopted as a proxy for the desired ecosystem services. In this study, we demonstrate the impact mechanism and outcomes of locally financed PES programs on conservation-based land use in a developed area of China. We present this work using a PES-land use proxy framework that is examined empirically through a variety of qualitative assessments. Our framework illustrates that, within the ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional conditions of developed areas, land use class, pattern and function would be impacted by (a) conservation effect, (b) stakeholder response, and (c) institutional adaptation mechanisms of local PES programs, with multiple land use trends as potential outcomes. We examine the framework using materials from Suzhou, China, which has implemented a top-down, partly involuntary (ecosystem services supply side), land based PES program. Our results show that, expected land use class, land use pattern and land use function are observed in areas where the PES programs were implemented. We also find that the conditions of developed areas and locally financed payments mechanism indeed played a crucial role in promoting conservation-based land use in Suzhou.     

The impact of information on landowners’ participation in voluntary conservation programs - Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence from an agri-environment program in Saxony, Germany

The voluntary nature of programs that pay landowners for conservation measures raises the question of what factors favor participation in such programs. This article focuses on the controversial issue of the impact of information on the participation decision. We develop a straightforward model to analyze how information affects this decision, and empirically estimate the impact of information, as well as other factors, on participation in a conservation program in Saxony, Germany. We find in our theoretical analysis that information measures may affect program participation either in a positive or negative way, whereas our estimation results indicate that the influence of the diverse information measures that have been relevant in our empirical analysis is weak. We argue, however, that information measures may nonetheless be warranted, as they allow for better informed participation decisions, thus contributing to a more optimal selection of program participants.     

Paying for ecological services in Ecuador: The political economy of structural inequality

Paying Indigenous communities to conserve land for carbon sequestration is a controversial way of tackling climate change. Critics argue that paying for ecological services (or ‘PES’) in the form of carbon offset programmes reduces land and social relations to an economic transaction that devalues Indigenous livelihoods and communities. At the same time, empirical studies have shown that Indigenous communities have accepted and even embraced the idea of being paid to conserve land for climate change mitigation. This paper explores this apparent contradiction by investigating the implementation of Programa Socio Bosque (PSB), a PES carbon sequestration programme in Ecuador. Drawing upon primary fieldwork in the highland province of Chimborazo, it makes the case that PES programmes need to be understood as form of state power that reconfigures and reinforces the ways in which Indigenous peoples engage with the state. Particularly important in this regard is the role of the state in reinforcing the agrarian conditions under which Indigenous communities use and interpret PES payments while at the same time reconfiguring new forms of land conservation. Empirically, the research reveals important complementarities between the goals of carbon sequestration PES programmes and Indigenous land-use practices. Methodologically, it highlights the importance of situating the study of PES programmes in a context of land struggles, community–state relations and agrarian change.