Developing Mauritianness: National Identity,Cultural Heritage Values and Tourism

Mauritius is a nation of immigrants who have harmoniously come together, working to make their new homeland an economic success story. To continue this unprecedented economic growth Mauritius is consciously aware of the need for diversification in all its industries, including tourism. Known for being a quintessential beach vacation destination, Mauritius desires to expand the tourism sector to include aspects of cultural heritage tourism. To accomplish this task several questions must be answered about the meaning of Mauritianness and its relationship to tourism. Here it is argued that in order to further develop cultural heritage tourism in Mauritius, the understanding of Mauritian national identity must also be advanced.     

我国遗产旅游的文化政治意义

本文提出一个我国遗产旅游界尚未关注的问题--遗产旅游的文化政治意义.文章首先讨论了我国遗产的文化政治价值,接着提出我国遗产旅游应当发挥的文化政治功能,最后分析了提高我国遗产旅游文化政治效果的必要举措.     

文化旅游创新体系的结构与性质研究

如何提升创新能力是中国旅游业实现产业转型和升级需要解决的关键问题.因为旅游业产业结构的复杂性,所以产业内部创新行为的表现形式也会有很大差异.文化旅游创新主要不是技术创新,而是要以文化创新为基础,达到旅游的创新与发展.文化旅游创新体系在结构和运行机制上都体现为文化与旅游融合的二元复合体系,具有创新目标与成果的双重性、二元核心创新主体、双重价值导向,是双重核心模式.鉴于此,应注意文化创新和文化旅游产品创新的差异,建立协调市场机制和公共管理机制的创新管理体制,充分发挥旅游地居民与旅游企业的积极性.     

Nostalgia-motivated Thai domestic tourism at Amphawa,Thailand

Amphawa is the site of a large floating market dating from the eighteenth century. After three decades of dormancy, Amphawa has experienced a revival of tourism development since 2004, and has become a popular weekend destination and a site in an emerging trend of nostalgia-motivated tourism among Thai domestic travellers. Based on interviews with 33 domestic Thai tourists, the paper discusses the role of nostalgia as a motivating factor for Thai visitors to Amphawa, and seeks to understand the elements and aspects of the site that evoke nostalgic emotions. The paper draws on the distinction between restorative nostalgia, which affirms narratives of shared identity, and reflective nostalgia, which draws on individual memories of one’s personal past. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the nostalgia-motivated tourism trend within the sociocultural context of contemporary Thailand, and to explore the motivation of Thai domestic tourists at a cultural destination.     

Motive-Based Tourist Market Segmentation: An Application to Native American Cultural Heritage Sites in Arizona,USA

This paper utilises a motive-based segmentation to understand tourists to cultural heritage sites in Arizona, USA. The data for this study were collected through mail survey from a representative sample of 671 tourists to three Native American cultural heritage sites. Using cluster analysis based upon motives for cultural history learning, three distinct segments were found: (1) ‘culture-focused,’ (2) ‘culture-attentive’ and (3) ‘culture-appreciative’ tourists. These groups differed significantly in terms of behaviour, experience and interpretation. The culture-focused segments spent longer at the sites, stayed more nights away from home, considered visiting archeological sites as their primary activity, and placed more importance on interpretation. In addition, the culture-focused groups were more satisfied with their trip, appreciated the preservation of archeological resources and reported more learning experiences. Overall, the study supports the notion that heterogeneity exists within cultural heritage tourist markets. Implications of these findings in conceptualisation, management and marketing cultural heritage tourism are discussed.     

旅游发展与遗产管理研究:公共选择与制度分析的视角--兼遗产资源管理研究评述

旅游发展背景下遗产资源管理是目前学术界与实践领域争论的一个焦点。其核心包括两个方面：(1)遗产资源是否一定要政府管理，政府怎样管理?(2)风景与遗产资源是否可以由市场来经营，怎样经营?究其理论实质，这两种争论实际上是规避公共资源“公地悲剧”的两种模式——政府强权干预与产权明晰化(私有化)的争论。文章在评述近年来国内关于遗产资源管理争论的基础上，认为这两种观点并不是对立的非此即彼的关系，而是解决问题的两种途径，其关键在于合适的制度安排。文章还提出了公共选择与制度分析的方法研究这一问题的框架。     

Crossing the Cultural Divide: Western Visitors and Interpretation at Ayutthaya World Heritage Site,Thailand

In 1991, Ayutthaya, the former capital city of Thailand and now an archaeological park, was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Currently, it receives some one million international visitors a year, mainly day-trippers from Bangkok. Despite this, the on-site interpretation put in place in 1992 (largely signage in Thai and English) has never been assessed in terms of the content of the signs and the reactions of visitors. This paper pertains to one part of the first extensive study of the interpretation employed at Ayutthaya, a study that included a visitor survey that was both a demographic study and an initial investigation into the cross-cultural dimension of interpretation at Ayutthaya. The international visitation to this World Heritage Site is overwhelmingly Western and, therefore, a critical issue arises: what do non-Asian, non-Thai and non-Buddhist visitors gain from the experience? If the visitor is not of the same culture being experienced, and if cross-cultural translation itself is a highly complex and sometimes contentious and problematic process, then it is likely that the deeper cultural significance of the site cannot be well understood in a one-day visit. If the deeper meanings of Ayutthaha remain elusive, does it follow that appreciating the cultural and heritage values of the site is, in direct proportion, an unattainable goal? The study points towards what may be possible when heritage interpretation, in an age of unprecedented global travel, is regarded as a negotiation of a cultural divide.     

复合型文化遗产旅游产品开发路径分析——以福建马尾船政文化为例

文化遗产作为文化旅游发展的重要载体,在国内外引起了业界和学界的广泛关注,而复合型文化遗产是一种具备多元价值和内涵的遗产类型,其旅游产品开发应根据复合型文化遗产资源禀赋及其特征而定.文章以福建马尾船政文化遗产为例,运用文化景观理论和文化再生产理论,并结合问卷调查、因子分析和参与观察等方法,从定性和定量两个方面分析作为复合型文化遗产的船政文化旅游产品开发的路径选择,以此丰富文化遗产旅游研究案例,具有一定的理论建构价值和实践意义.     

Heritage Tourism in Rural Areas: Challenges for Improving Socio-economic Impacts

Many developing countries seek to utilize cultural heritage sites as resources for socio-economic development through heritage tourism. When rural area is the context of heritage tourism, effort is needed to establish linkages between tourism and the local economy by addressing the following issues: lack of skilled human resources, capital, access to credits, and other assistance; leakages; and dominance of urban players. This paper examines the impacts of heritage tourism on rural livelihoods using Borobudur in Central Java, Indonesia, as the case study. Further, it proposes rural industry promotion as one of the ways to establishing better linkages to tourism.     

Japanese Visitors to Guam: Lessons from Experience

Abstract

Naisbitt (1994) notes that 60 percent of the world's radio broadcasts, 70 percent of the worlds' mail, 85 percent of international phone calls and 80 percent of computer data are in English (pp. 24-25). Perhaps a similar preponderance exists in tourism literature. But beyond this language orientation there is a “Western” orientation of thought regarding tourist behavior and culture that might influence survey design and research methodology. This may leave researchers less able to understand the heterogeneous Asian travelers that are traveling in increasing numbers. It is important to understand the culture of the sending country when analyzing tourist behavior and motivation. This paper illustrates how understanding Japanese culture enhances the development of survey instruments as well as the interpretation of survey results. Examples are taken from the quarterly visitor exit surveys conducted on the island of Guam, a U.S. territory that serves as one of the major short-haul destinations for Japanese travelers.     

The Effects of Local Hospitality,Commercial Hospitality and Experience Quality on Behavioral Intention in Cultural Heritage Tourism

The main aim of this study is to examine the influence of the two domains of hospitality—local hospitality and commercial hospitality—on behavioral intention in the cultural heritage tourism context. This study anticipated that the above relationships were mediated by the tourism experience quality. A total of 500 foreign tourists visiting the Malaysia’s first World Heritage City, Malacca City were surveyed using structured questionnaire. The results revealed that both local and commercial hospitality have positive relationships with experience quality, and experience quality fully mediated the relationships between each of the two domains of hospitality and behavioral intention.     

Assessing the Tourism Potential of Smaller Cultural and Heritage Attractions

This paper reports on the development and application of a mechanism to assess the tourism potential of cultural and heritage assets. The assessment tool considers cultural, physical, product and experiential values. It was tested on a sample of 16 secondary museums, historic sites and temples in Hong Kong that are currently being promoted by the local destination management organisation. While their cultural and physical values were rated strongly, their tourism and experiential values were low. Indeed, a number of fatal flaws were identified that effectively precluded most of them from ever functioning as viable attractions. Remoteness, isolation from other attractions, small scale, a lack of uniqueness and poor setting exacerbated their weaknesses.     

Perceived Restorativeness of Visits to Cultural Heritage Sites

This study aimed to examine whether a causal relationship exists between perceived restorativeness and emotional healing, visitor satisfaction, and intention to revisit with respect to a visit to the Seooreung Shrine in South Korea. Attention restorativeness theory claims that four factors (being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility) induce a restorative environment. The results of the conducted survey support the four factors of attention restorativeness theory. Two distinct groups were identified and differences were discovered between the groups with respect to satisfaction and perceived restorativeness. Emotional healing exerted more influence on intention to revisit than visitor satisfaction. This study delivers a significant outcome as pioneer research on healing tourism by discovering emotional healing as a precedent variable to visitor satisfaction and intention to revisit in the area of cultural heritage tourism.     

我国自然与文化遗产可持续发展的组织体系建设

自然与文化遗产管理的组织改革是遗产管理中的难题，在转型期中的遗产保护和旅游经营开发之间的各种矛盾都会在组织问题上体现出来。本文在总结国内外现阶段自然与文化遗产管理组织现状的基础上，概括了遗产管理组织体系建设的约束条件，并对我国的遗产管理现状进行分析，最后提出若干组织改革的建议。     

Exploring Critical Factors of Macau's Heritage Tourism: What Heritage Tourists are Looking for when Visiting the City's Iconic Heritage Sites

Although Macau is widely stigmatized as a gambling paradise, its colonial past has left the city with a wealth of heritage and cultural attractions that can be converted into priceless tourism resources. Macau's status as world heritage city further creates opportunities for the city to develop its heritage tourism business. This requires Macau to understand heritage tourists whose needs and wants may vary from ordinary travelers. A review of the literature, however, indicates that most academic discussions of Macau heritage are from a history or conservation perspective rather than from the prism of tourism; because of this, the present study aims to explore, from a tourism perspective, the critical factors that are essential to enhance tourist experience when visiting Macau's major heritage sites.     

遗产原真性·旅游者价值观偏好·遗产旅游原真性

本文指出旅游科学的"原真性"概念与遗产科学的渊源;提出应将"authenticity"译为"原真性"的理由;概述了遗产科学对"原真性"概念的认识发展;从旅游价值观偏好层面对当代旅游科学中出现的"客观主义原真性"、"建构主义原真性"、"存在主义原真性"、"后现代主义原真性"诸提法进行了评论;最后,较为概括地辨析了原真性概念在文化和遗产旅游中的具体处置.     

Perceived Social Impacts of Tourism by Residents in the OTOP Tourism Village,Thailand

This study aims to investigate the impacts of tourism development at Baan Tawai, the first OTOP Tourism Village in Thailand, and to examine the relationship between demographic factors and Baan Tawai residents' perceptions of the social impacts of tourism development. Data were collected using questionnaires. The finding is that the residents positively perceive social impacts in term of job creation for women in the village. Additionally, they do not see any social changes brought in by tourism and do not think that tourism leads to an increase in prostitution, vandalism, burglary, or drug abuse.     

Heritage Tourism,Heritage Landscapes and Wilderness Preservation: The Case of National Park Thy

Tourism involving national parks manifests itself explicitly or implicitly as heritage tourism because national parks represent important symbols of the national landscape. This paper traces the journey of the proposed National Park Thy in northwestern Denmark from ordinary landscape to symbolic landscape, to candidacy for national park status and focus for heritage tourism. It is argued that the processes at work in Denmark are similar to those underpinning the creation of national parks elsewhere.     

Tourism,Partnership and a Bunch of Old Fossils: Management for Tourism at the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site

The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, declared in 2001, is Britain's first mainland World Heritage Site (WHS) inscribed for its natural values, and one of only eight in the world designated according to geological criteria. The study of exposed rock strata and dinosaur fossils found here has made – and continues to make – a major contribution to understanding the Earth's history; in addition, the WHS covers fine scenery and several nature reserves. Administratively, management of the site is complex because of its mosaic of owners and occupiers and, as WH status carries no statutory powers in the UK, the partnership approach was the only obvious solution. The Site's coastal towns and their rural hinterl and have been afflicted by economic and social decline in recent decades, and the Jurassic Coast initiative is being used as a tool for regeneration. There has been some success already in efforts by local entrepreneurs and the public sector to exploit the opportunities for a renaissance both of the economy and local morale. This paper examines the planning and early implementation stages of the Jurassic Coast programme, detailing successes and examining the linkages between the theory and practice of collaborative management.     

Total Quality Management and Tourism and Hospitality Education

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the application of quality management concepts in relation to the provision of tourism and hospitality education, with a specific focus on Thailand. The key quality concepts, namely quality control, quality assurance, quality audit and “Total Quality Management” (TQM) are identified, and the applications of these concepts in the provision of tourism and hospitality education are discussed. The paper explores three main themes. The first is to examine how quality issues have been applied to tourism and hospitality education. Second, the paper outlines the concepts of quality management, which represent the key element of a TQM strategy to implement conformance to standards and quality improvement. The third theme discusses the specific case of Thailand, drawing on research in its early stages which examines quality management in tourism and hospitality education in Thailand. An outline of the nature of tourism and hospitality education in Thailand is provided, followed by a synopsis of the significant challenges facing Thai tourism and hospitality education. A procedure for examining quality in tourism and hospitality education in Thailand is proposed.