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1.
Theoretical and empirical arguments maintaining that the provision of the poor and neglected with basic goods and services implies a sacrific of productive investments and economic growth are reviewed. Proponents of a basic needs approach claim that the direct provision of essential goods and services is a more efficient and rapid way of eliminating poverty than an approach based on the hope that the benefits of increased national growth will eventually reach the poor. The argument against direct provision of basic needs is based on 2 contentions: 1) transfers of essential goods and services result in increasing the consumption level of the poor at the cost of eventually reducing the net level of investment and saving in the economy and therefore the welfare of everybody; and 1) the poor would be better provided for in the long run through the higher incomes realized by greater overall investment under a more conventional, growth-oriented development strategy. Evidence from 83 developing countries is used to show that the provision of basic needs can improve growth performance. It appears that economists previously concentrated too narrowly on 1 aspect of human capital -- education. It is possible that other aspects of a basic needs approach to development, which aim to improve the health and living conditions of the poor, should also be considered as building up a country's human capital.  相似文献   

2.
The basic needs approach to development--i.e., providing such basic needs as health and education to the poorest sectors of the population--replaced a previous emphasis on general economic development. Basic needs include food, nutrition, health services, education, water, sanitation, and shelter. A World Bank study to evaluate the success of developing countries in meeting their populations' basic needs discloses great disparity among countries. The study used literacy and life expectancy figures for the evaluation. All developing countries had improved their provision of basic goods and services in the time between 1960 and 1977, but the improvement was not uniform. The countries' previous performance in this area and the national level of per capita income influenced their improved performance. Countries having egalitarian income distributions tended to perform better than would have been expected from the per capita income alone; countries with maldistributed incomes tended to perform worse. The following 3 types of economies were most successful in providing basic goods/services for their populations: 1) rapidly growing, market-oriented economies; 2) centrally planned economies; and 3) "mixed" economies with welfare intervention. Very poor economies, those with rapid growth and no substantial poverty reduction, and those with moderate growth and moderate poverty reduction were less successful. Macroeconomic frameworks can provide guidelines.  相似文献   

3.
In this article, we suggest how poverty reduction can be achieved through alleviation measures that enable the poor to satisfy their needs by focusing on the needs of others. Instead of a direct focus on the consumption needs of the poor, we suggest an indirect approach to satisfying these needs, by providing the poor with credit and consulting services for entrepreneurial businesses that focus on the needs of buyers. Loans to the poor who lack collateral are increasingly based on group lending techniques that rely on joint liability to secure repayment, which have come to be known as microfinance. We suggest that in addition to credit, financial services for the poor must include strategic advice and assistance to select markets, and make the products (goods and services) for sale in their output markets with the financial services bought in their input markets. Financial services for the poor must include not only money to invest in a business but also consulting services to help the business succeed. The provision of consulting services will also facilitate monitoring and enforcement, increasing loan repayment. Depending on poverty levels, the extent of bundling credit and consulting services will vary with one or more organizations emerging to meet the needs of different segments. We suggest that poverty alleviation is achieved by the poor focusing on the needs of others in their output market, and outsourcing financial services to one or more suppliers in their input markets.  相似文献   

4.
张楠  刘蓉  卢盛峰 《金融研究》2019,468(6):76-93
税收工具作为财政扶贫机制中的重要一环,在推进精准扶贫、精准脱贫上发挥着重要作用。本文基于CFPS2012入户调查数据和中国2012年投入产出表,运用微观模拟方法测算出家庭的间接税负,在此基础上,借鉴衡量经济“涓滴效应”的亲贫增长指数,构建了识别和测度税制“亲贫性”的数量方法,评估间接税的减税政策能否自发惠及穷人,进一步测算家庭不同年龄层的间接税负代内归宿。结果显示:间接税整体上不具有“亲贫性”,其中增值税的“亲富性”最强,减税能让穷人比富人获益更多;儿童、成人以及老人均是间接税的负税人,贫困家庭抚养小孩而承担的间接税负比重高于非贫困家庭,赡养老人而负担的间接税负比重低于非贫困家庭。据此本文认为,继续推动大规模的间接税减税政策、采取差别化的增值税和消费税减免策略、逐步形成以直接税为主的税制结构,是改变间接税"亲富性"和强化税收扶贫职能的有效措施。  相似文献   

5.
This study looks at the effects of the complete elimination of direct government payments to farmers on the U.S. economy in general and the effect on land values in particular. The analytical approach used consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income, and a government. The results suggest that, with a complete elimination of direct government payments to farmers, there will be a reduction in output by all producing sectors of 0.18% or about $14.5 billion, a decline in output in the agricultural sectors of 4.39% or about $12.0 billion, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.11% or $4.15 billion, a fall in total utility by 0.47% or $22.0 billion, and a net reduction in expenditures for the government of $13.4 billion. Land values will be adversely affected, falling an average of 14%.  相似文献   

6.
社区居家养老服务体系是我国未来养老服务的重要发展方向之一,对于应对人口老龄化和构建社会主义和谐社会有着重要意义.多元体系中,家庭居于基础地位,承担基本物资供给和精神养老功能;社区处于依托性地位,承担老年人社会参与、对于社会参与、娱乐休闲、心理调适、学习咨询等方面的需求;市场处于补充性地位,主要满足老年人更高、更专业层面的需求.只有将三者结合基础上,建构相互支持的多元服务体系,才能真正实现居家养老服务事业可的持续发展.  相似文献   

7.
论我国金融消费者的概念及其特权   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
我国传统的消费者概念应修正为:消费者是为个人消费而获得商品或服务的自然人,但是以生产、经营为直接目的而获得商品或消费的除外。金融消费者可定义为:为个人消费而购买、使用金融商品或接受金融服务的自然人,但是以生产、经营为直接目的而获得金融商品或接受金融消费的除外。金融消费者享有消费者所享有的全部特权,与其他普通消费者的特权相比较,其财产安全权、知情权与金融隐私权需要在立法中加以特殊的保护。  相似文献   

8.
Using the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we document the level and variability of quarterly consumption across the socio-economic distribution. While the measurement of well-being is focused on income, the secular and policy discourse prioritises income-adequacy to meet family needs. This concern over income-adequacy centres on the capacity of families to predictably consume minimally acceptable levels of basic needs, and the social and economic mobility consequences of low consumption. Our results show a clear socio-economic and demographic gradient of lower consumption amid higher consumption variability for disadvantaged groups. Food, entertainment, and personal care goods and services exhibit relatively high levels of consumption variability among low-income households.  相似文献   

9.
John Creedy 《Fiscal Studies》2001,22(4):457-486
This paper examines the question of whether indirect tax rates should be uniform, using four different modelling strategies. First, marginal tax reform is examined. This is concerned with the optimal direction of small changes in effective indirect tax rates and requires considerably less information than the calculation of optimal rates. Second, the welfare effects of a partial shift from the current indirect tax system in Australia towards a goods and services tax (GST) are considered, with particular emphasis on differences between household types and the role of exemptions. Third, in view of the stress on a distributional role for exemptions of certain goods from a GST, the potential limits to such redistribution are considered. The fourth approach examines the extent of horizontal inequity and reranking that can arise when there are non‐uniform tax rates. These inequities arise essentially because of preference heterogeneity.  相似文献   

10.
尹志超  岳鹏鹏  陈悉榕 《金融研究》2019,466(4):168-187
本文研究了金融市场参与对家庭幸福的影响。理论分析显示,金融市场参与通过风险和收益对家庭幸福产生影响。本文运用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,实证研究了金融市场参与对家庭幸福的影响。为克服内生性,本文选取工具变量,运用极大似然估计发现,家庭参与金融市场会显著提高家庭幸福的可能性。从投资风险的角度进一步研究发现,金融投资的风险异质性对家庭幸福有显著影响:家庭参与低风险金融投资会显著提高家庭幸福,参与高风险金融投资会显著降低家庭幸福。从民间借贷参与中,本文发现家庭参与民间借出款会显著提高家庭幸福的可能性。民间借贷投资风险对家庭幸福的异质性影响也是存在的,高风险借出款对家庭幸福有显著的负向影响。本文为理解家庭金融投资行为与幸福的关系提供了新的证据,可为构建和谐社会提供有益参考。  相似文献   

11.
赵亚雄  王修华 《金融研究》2022,508(10):77-97
数字金融发展是否有利于提升家庭相对收入并降低家庭脆弱性值得深入研究。基于宏微观匹配数据,本文从相对收入及脆弱性视角考察了数字金融的增收效应及其微观作用机理,并分析了多维“鸿沟”的影响。研究表明,数字金融发展,尤其是使用深度的提升,有利于提升家庭相对收入水平、降低脆弱性。微观作用机制在于,数字金融发展能够有效提升家庭金融可得性和使用性,并促进潜在投资行为和就业创业活动。进一步分析发现,数字金融发展虽然体现了普惠特征,但并未明显打破空间限制,对城镇等发达地区及具有数字设备、受过金融教育等家庭的相对收入及脆弱性展现出更强的作用;对贫困户、无数字设备等家庭的相对收入作用不显著,充分体现了破除多维“鸿沟”的紧迫性。本文为进一步优化数字金融缩小收入差距、降低家庭脆弱性的政策提供了参考。  相似文献   

12.
老龄化、消费结构与服务业发展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
颜色  郭凯明  段雪琴 《金融研究》2021,488(2):20-37
老龄化程度加深和产业结构变迁是经济发展过程中的普遍现象。本文研究了老龄化对服务业发展的影响,发现随着人均收入提高,一个经济体老年抚养比与服务业比重的关系由负相关转为正相关。本文在多部门一般均衡模型中引入人口年龄结构,提出由于不同年龄群体消费偏好的需求收入弹性和替代弹性存在差异,老龄化通过收入效应和价格效应两个渠道影响消费需求结构,进而影响服务业发展。当老龄化在收入效应渠道上的影响为负、在价格效应渠道上的影响为正时,模型可以解释跨国特征事实。本文结合跨国数据校准了模型参数,之后定量评估了不同环境下老龄化对服务业比重的影响,发现这一影响还取决于老龄化程度和产业间相对生产率。改变产业部门消费率和劳动力转移成本等因素后,定量结果仍保持了较高的稳健性。本文从人口年龄结构视角发展了产业结构转型研究,发现“未富先老”不利于服务业发展,并以此就我国应对老龄化和发展服务业进行了政策讨论。  相似文献   

13.
随着我国社会福利保障制度的不断完善及参加医疗保险人数快速增加,为广大医疗参保人员提供有效基本医疗卫生服务,成了社会医疗保险基金必须解决的客观现实问题。对此,广州市政府通过在行政区范围内,设置社区医疗卫生服务组织机构,为市民提供公共卫生和基本医疗服务,满足社区居民健康需求。然而,少子化政策实施及老年人口的迅速增加,面对目前养老机构条件严重不足情况下,必须发挥社区卫生服务机构的有效综合医疗作用。因此,本论文在设计社区医疗卫生综合服务机构运营体系模式基础上,提出加强社保基金资产对社区医疗卫生综合服务机构建设及运营的科学投资。  相似文献   

14.
Household Production and the Design of the Tax Structure   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
This paper amalgamates two topical issues in the economics ofcommodity taxation: the general case for non-uniformity, andthe tax treatment of commodities that are either inputs to householdproduction or close substitutes for household produced goods.Assuming a redistributive objective and that the government canimplement a non-linear income tax system and linear commoditytaxes we investigate if the existence of household productiongenerates a natural case for non-uniform commodity taxation.Four main results are reported. First, when the set of commoditiesis partitioned into consumption goods and input goods, and commoditytaxes are restricted to being within-group uniform, the compositecommodity theorem can be used to characterize the optimal commoditytaxes. Secondly, sufficient conditions for within-group uniformcommodity taxes to be fully optimal are derived. Thirdly, weargue that an input good should be taxed at a higher rate thangeneral consumption if and only if the degree of complementarityin household production (between the input good and a time-input)is larger than the degree of complementarity in consumption (betweengeneral consumption and the household produced good). Finally,we show that under simple normality, a market substitute forthe household-produced good should be taxed at a lower rate thangeneral consumption. The intuition for the last two results isthat the suggested pattern of taxation discourages ``do-it-yourself'behaviour, which relaxes the self-selection problem.  相似文献   

15.
This paper studies the impact of a conditional cash transfer programme in Colombia on the total consumption of very poor households and on its components. Our evaluation methodology involves comparing household expenditures in areas in which the programme was not implemented (control) and those in which it was (treated). We use a quasi‐experimental approach, as the Familias en Acción programme was not randomly assigned across localities, for political reasons. We condition on a large range of household‐ and municipality‐level characteristics, and also control for pre‐programme differences in the outcomes of interest using a differences‐indifferences methodology. We find that the programme has been effective at greatly increasing total consumption and its main component, food consumption, in both rural and urban areas. The programme has also contributed to improvements in the quality of food consumed, in particular of items rich in proteins (milk, meat and eggs) and of cereals. Furthermore, the programme has created redistributive effects in favour of children through expenditure on education and children's clothing, while it has not significantly affected consumption of adult goods such as alcohol and tobacco or adults’clothing.  相似文献   

16.
Optimal taxes for Europe and the U.S. are derived in a realistically calibrated model in which agents buy consumption goods and services and use home capital and labor to produce household services. The optimal tax rate on services is substantially lower than the tax rate on goods. Specifically, the planner cannot tax home production directly and instead lowers the tax rate on market services to increase the relative price of home production. The optimal tax rate on the return to home capital is strictly positive and the welfare gains from switching to optimal taxes are large.  相似文献   

17.
The role of proportional and procyclic labor income taxes for automatic stabilization with stochastic productivity is analyzed in a contemporary macroeconomic model based on imperfect competition. The importance of short-run nominal wage rigidity for the effectiveness of progressive taxes on labor income for stabilizing output and raising household welfare is examined in a model that yields complete analytical solutions with stochastic output shocks. Increasing the procyclicity of labor income tax rates raises welfare with and without rigid nominal wages in the model economy. With fully flexible prices and wages, a positive covariance between the distortionary tax rate and productivity reduces the volatility of production and employment. This effect disappears under nominal wage rigidity, although progressive taxation can still raise welfare by reducing the distortion caused by a proportional labor tax. With rigid nominal wages and flexible consumer goods prices, payroll taxes levied at rates that rise with output can serve as automatic stabilizers. JEL Code E62 · H20  相似文献   

18.
We study earnings and income inequality in Britain over the 25 years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the middle 90 per cent of the income distribution, within which the gap between top and bottom in 2019–20 was essentially the same, after taxes and transfers, as a quarter-century earlier. This has led to a narrative of ‘stable inequality’, which we argue misses important nuances and key lessons from the UK's experience. In particular, there have been periods in which household earnings inequalities were changing considerably but tax and transfer policy was offsetting its effects on income inequality – in different directions at different times, reflecting sharp changes of policy approach. Means-tested transfers played a crucial role in containing inequality during the ‘inclusive growth’ period of the 1990s and early 2000s, as well as the Great Recession. During the 2010s, the minimum wage emerged as the government's primary policy tool for boosting incomes, but this happened almost simultaneously with cutbacks to means-tested transfers, meaning that household earnings inequalities fell considerably and yet net income inequality rose.  相似文献   

19.
We construct a set of household‐level background risk variables to capture the covariance structure of three nonfinancial assets and two financial assets. These risks are in general statistically significant and economically important for a household's stock market participation and stockholdings. A one‐standard‐deviation increase in background risks reduces the participation probability by 11% and the stockholdings‐to‐wealth ratio by 4%. The volatilities of labor income, housing value, and business income reduce a household's participation and stockholdings. A household with labor income highly correlated with stock (bond) returns is less (more) likely to invest in stock.  相似文献   

20.
不确定性与中国城镇居民储蓄率的实证研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文从不确定性收入、社会保险的参与情况对中国城镇居民面临的不确定性进行了界定,并使用2006年中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS2006)检验了不确定性对城镇居民储蓄率的影响。基于稳健OLS和可行广义最小二乘法(FGLS)的估计结果表明:不确定性收入与城镇居民储蓄率之间存在着显著的正相关关系,参加养老保险和医疗保险可以显著降低城镇居民的储蓄率。分位数回归的结果进一步显示:在各分位处,不确定性收入均对城镇居民储蓄率产生了显著的正向影响,并且影响强度随着储蓄率分位的上升而下降;而在储蓄率分布的0.5及以上中高分位处,参加养老保险可以显著降低城镇家庭的储蓄率;在储蓄率分布的顶端,参加医疗保险也与城镇居民储蓄率之间表现出显著的负相关关系。  相似文献   

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