城市科技创新体系建设的政策研究

科技创新是建设创新型城市、转变经济增长方式的有力支撑，是实现可持续发展的需要。城市创新建设应制定五项基本政策，强化建立四种科研管理体系和培育四种创新能力。     

2010年西班牙实施新科学法和国家创新战略

本文介绍了2010年西班牙政府强力推动科技创新的重要举措,包括出台《科学、技术与创新法》,启动《国家创新战略》和实施《国家科研、开发与创新计划（2008—2011）》等。旨在确立西班牙科技体系的新框架,对科技发展的行动纲领、目标任务和实施手段以规范化、制度化和法律化的形式固定下来。西班牙未来五年总体发展目标是：实现新的知识型经济实体对GDP的贡献率超过10％,确保关键领域的国际竞争力,在全社会形成良好的创新氛围等。     

韩国科技创新体系及评价机制概述

对韩国的科技开发政策和技术创新路径分析显示,韩国早期是以模仿和跟踪国际先进技术为主,科技创新相对滞后。随着政府对科技体制和政策、国家科技创新战略的重大调整,合理高效配置资源,完善软硬环境建设,科技水平和综合国力得以不断提升。本文通过模型分析和数据对比研究,探讨韩国科技创新体系,以及对该体系建设架构的检测和评价机制,揭示韩国科技创新体系建设的基本特征,对我国选择适合自己的创新战略,科学规划创新平台,加速提高科技水平和竞争力具有借鉴意义。     

The role of the technology barometer in assessing the performance of the national innovation system

Along with increasing significance of innovation in socio-economic development grows the need to utilize future-oriented knowledge in innovation policy-making. Foresight and road-map exercises are aimed at supporting planning and priority-setting of R&D and have become indispensable elements of policy-making. Besides technological development decision-makers need all-inclusive knowledge of future developments of society, economy and impacts of science and technology. When the worldwide competition is about the attractiveness of innovation systems, such knowledge is important for comparing the innovation performance of nations to other economies. Finland is among the countries improving her position in worldwide performance comparisons since the late 1990s and reached leading nations in early 2000s. This attainment raised national interest and critical debate of the reliability of the data basis and methodologies used in comparisons. In The Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers (TEK) this discussion led to a decision to develop an own comparative exercise together with VTT. In addition to performance analysis based on ex-post indicators the barometer includes the questionnaire of the views and visions of the future development by relevant national actors. The theoretical framework of the barometer is based on the evolution of economies from industrial development phase to sustainable knowledge society. The barometer has been undertaken in 2004, 2005 and 2007, and a wide interest and emerged discussion of barometer proves that a social interest and order exists for the barometer. The article presents the background, methodology and results of technology barometer, discusses its impacts on national discussion, and gives perspectives for the future development of barometer.     

理工科大学人文社科教育的几点理性思考

在理工科大学,加强人文社科教育极具重要性,必须把握＂少而精＂、＂鲜而活＂、＂愿而需＂、＂适而用＂等原则,并尽快走出＂人文社会科学不是真科学＂、＂人文社会科学无关紧要＂、＂人文社会科学就是马列主义老一套＂等误区。     

中国强企之路始于科学管理

泰罗的科学管理理论诞生至今将近100周年,衍生出了十分庞大的现代管理理论体系,现代管理理论在当今的企业实践中起着非常重大的指导作用,对增强企业的竞争力产生了重要作用。中国企业经营者也热衷于跟随国外的潮流,纷纷学习和模仿他们的做法,盲目运用现代管理理论来管理自己的企业。许多中国企业乐于谈论管理艺术而忽视科学管理,乐于讨论现代管理理论而忽视标准化、规范化的基础工作,认为泰罗的科学管理理论已经过时,结果使得不少中国企业出现了管理的先天不足,经营绩效低下,缺乏竞争力。本文澄清了人们对《科学管理原理》中的一些错误认识,分析了中国企业喜欢跟风的原因及其产生的后果,从而唤醒管理者,并指出强企必须始于科学管理,没有其他捷径可走。文章最后提出中国企业应该从五个方面学习科学管理,认真补上这一课,方可做大做强。     

英语科技语篇中模糊限制语的语用功能分析

模糊限制语作为模糊语言的一个重要组成部分,在交流中起着重要的作用。科技英语作为一种特殊语体要求用词准确、行文严谨,但仍有大量的模糊限制语存在于英语科技语篇中,体现出了不同的语用功能。因此,列举实例阐述了模糊限制语在科技语体中的几个语用功能,以期进一步深化对模糊限制语的功能研究。     

Growth and conflict in the developing world: Neo-liberal narratives and social-economy alternatives

The last quarter of the 20th century saw an increase in violent conflicts across the globe. With connections between growth, poverty and conflict increasingly difficult to ignore, research has begun examining economic dimensions of conflict. This paper reviews and critiques this new research, much of it conducted by the World Bank. The research argues that war results from poverty, and poverty from misguided economic policies, so that reducing conflict requires redoubling efforts to promote growth via neo-liberal reforms. I criticize the conceptual underpinnings of this argument, including its overemphasis on individual incentives and its claim that social and economic injustices do not contribute to violent conflicts. Instead I argue that social economics provides valuable alternative perspectives on conflict that take seriously its social dimensions, especially problems of economic justice and the common good.     

Personal attitudes in the assessment of the future of science and technology: A factor analysis approach

In 1996, the second German Delphi study (“Delphi '98”) was started. The Delphi '98 is a two-round Delphi expert survey being conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education, Research, Science, and Technology (BMBF). The study was published in February 1998, and is now getting into its implementation phase. Its inherent focus is on the development of science and technology in 12 thematic fields in the next 30 years. To arrive at a better understanding of the influence of personal attitudes towards general developments in natural environment and society, the respondents were asked in the first round of the Delphi survey for their personal opinion towards several megatrends concerning the natural environment, economic, sociological, and political developments. Over 2,300 answers led to a very solid database, which gives insights into the general attitudes of the German R&D experts. On some topics, there is a high consensus, whereas in others, opposite opinions coexist. These results may serve as the database for a factor analysis leading to the identification of five different expert types. This paper examines the crucial question of whether different patterns in assessing the future development in science and technology by expert types can be observed. In general, it turned out that differences in personal attitudes towards megatrends do not influence the estimation of developments in science and technology. However, differences exist in specific topics and the distribution of the five experts types among the respondents differs significantly in the 12 fields.     

Portugal at the crossroads of change, facing the shock of the new: People, knowledge and ideas fostering the social fabric to facilitate the concentration of knowledge integrated communities

Portugal has recently achieved the average OECD level in terms of the number of researchers per thousand workforce and the need to continue fostering the advanced training of human resources and the concentration of knowledge integrated communities as drivers of larger communities of users is discussed in the context of changing and evolving patterns in Portugal. This requires an ongoing public effort, but also a better understanding of the effectiveness of the mix of public support mechanisms and private incentives for the development of knowledge networks and flows of skilled people in times of increased uncertainty.Our hypothesis gains from the experience of a unique set of international collaborations with leading institutions worldwide that has been successfully developed over the last years based on thematic R&D networks, integrating advanced training initiatives and programs of industrial affiliation. It is in this context that we frame our hypothesis and argue for the need for Portugal to continue attracting and fostering open and dynamic “creative communities”.The main policy implication of our analysis is that Portugal needs to double the number of researchers per thousand workforce in the coming years. This requires a broad social basis for science policies across a wide range of public and private sectors, as well as that innovation is considered together with competence building and the need to foster individual skills through the complex interaction between formal and informal qualifications. Emerging user-centered innovation requires users able to access new knowledge. This implies a broad societal engagement in knowledge activities, including higher education enrolment, and we need to strengthen the top of the research system in order to create a locus of knowledge production at the highest level. But it also implies consideration of the social shaping of technology, because incentives and infrastructures do not operate in a vacuum, but shape and are shaped by the particular context in which they operate. Strengthening external societal links and “system linkages” is critical in making the institutional changes required to meet the needs of global competition and the knowledge economy.     

日本创新体制的经验教训及其借鉴

导致日本战后经济成功的创新体制为什么要对近年来日本国际竞争力的不断下降负有重要责任?本文认为,日本创新体制在以工艺创新为主的渐进创新方面具有独特的优势,但由于日本目前在灵活生产方式、产业信息化和创造新产业方面所遭遇的严重困难,这种优势难以发挥。特别是,由于基础研究和大学体制等方面的落后,日本创新体制无法适应激进创新的要求,从而未能抓住跨越式科技发展的机遇。本文还通过日美比较和德美赶超英国经验的总结,扼要讨论了日本的经验教训对我国“科教兴国”战略所提供的重要启示。     

企业对政府创新科技政策的响应机理研究:基于回声模型

资源基础理论同样适用于企业对创新科技政策的响应过程.在复杂适应系统视角下,企业政策响应受到认知力、规模、决策者偏好、利益、创新能力、研发需要和其它企业等因素的影响.基于回声模型,探讨了企业响应创新科技政策的行为机制,刻画了各种因素在政策响应过程中的作用,明确了各项行为的触发条件,最后分析了企业响应政策的行为匹配模式和自适应响应流程.结果发现,资源依赖是企业响应政策的根本,自组织进化是政策被企业良性响应的重要保障.     

A multi-level analysis of sustainable mobility transitions: Niche development in the UK and Sweden

A wide range of intractable problems such as polluting emissions, noise, accidents, resource depletion, and inaccessibility of amenities are associated with the current transport regime. Given the slow movement towards a more sustainable mobility system, more radical, systemic innovation - a ‘transition’ - is required. Broadly speaking, this may be achieved via three routes: technological change, modal shift, and reduced travel demand. Drawing on concepts from the transitions literature (e.g., [Geels, F.W.: Technological Transitions and System Innovations: A Co-evolutionary and Socio-Technical Analysis, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2005.]), we conceptualise each of these routes as a bundle of niche activities within an Area of Innovation, deviating to differing degrees from the current mobility ‘regime’. We present empirical evidence and indications of ongoing development of niches in these three areas within the UK and Sweden, and explore processes of co-evolution, divergence and tension within and between niches. Findings indicate recent market penetration of novel transport technologies, more advanced than modal shift or demand management activities; however, different transport technologies are more successful in each country. We also identify examples of a close relationship between development of radical vehicle/fuel technologies and provision of mobility services; and information technology as a driver in all three areas of innovation. We conclude that future innovation in transport depends on diversity, hybridisation, and co-evolution of niches. Finally, policy implications are discussed.     

Firm selection and industry evolution: the post-entry performance of new firms

A dynamic framework based on the process of firm selection and industry evolution is used to analyse the post-entry performance of new firms. In particular, it is hypothesized that, based on the stylized fact that virtually all new firms start at a very small scale of output, firm growth and survival are shaped by the need to attain an efficient level of output. The post-entry performance of more than 11,000 U.S. manufacturing firms established in 1976 is tracked throughout the subsequent tenyear period. Firm growth is found to be negatively influenced by firm size but positively related to the extent of scale economies, capital intensity, innovative activity, and market growth. By contrast, the likelihood of survival is identified as being positively influenced by firm size, market growth, and capital intensity, but negatively affected by the degree of scale economies in the industry. When viewed through the dynamic framework of firm selection and industry evolution, the empirical results shed considerable light on several paradoxes in the industrial organization literature, such as the continued persistence over time of an asymmetrical firm-size distribution consisting predominantely of suboptimal scale firms, and the failure of capital intensity and scale economies to substantially deter the entry and start-up of new firms.     

论生态经济与科学发展观的内在统一

在地球生态遭到严重破坏的21世纪,生态经济学这门后起学科备受青睐。中国共产党十六届三中全会第一次提出了科学发展观,并将它作为党和政府工作的指导思想。落实科学发展观在一定程度上意味着建设生态经济,二者在产生背景、内涵、理论基础和生产实践上是内在统一的。     

光伏产业发展模式研究:以浙江为例

借鉴德、关、日、韩国家的光伏产业发展模式,通过对浙江十大光伏龙头企业及其它307家光伏企业的数据分析,总结了浙江光伏产业现有发展模式的主要特点与问题,提出了基于市场、技术与产业链协同的浙江光伏产业发展新模式.     

Confronting the science/value split: notes on feminist economics, institutionalism, pragmatism and process thought

What changes must economics undergo, if it is to become a moreadequate discipline, furthering of survival and flourishing?This essay argues that a break must be made from contemporarymainstream economics at the level of ontology (i.e., about thenature of reality). Drawing on neglected traditions of pragmatistphilosophy and process metaphysics, some elements of ‘old’institutionalist economics, and late-twentieth century naturalscience, it demonstrates that ample argument exists for a viewof the world as open, evolving and permeated with value. Furthermore,feminist scholarship offers an explanation for why such a worldviewfaces an uphill battle for acceptance.     

Going up and down: rethinking the empirics of growth in the developing and newly industrialized world

Growth dynamics are remarkably heterogeneous, in particular when one focuses on developing countries. Economic miracles and failures are embedded within extended phases of either growth or decline. In this paper, we analyze the growth patterns of developing and newly industrialized countries on the basis of structural breaks and growth regimes experienced. Emphasizing the presence of broken trends, we focus on the difference between expansionary and recessionary regimes of medium length, and we show that models of takeoffs and exponential growth are inadequate to characterize the majority of observed growth dynamics. Then, we move to a systematic classification of different patterns and we isolate an additional stylized fact characterizing the process of growth and development. In particular, our results show that expansionary regimes are associated with convergence and positive correlation between growth and (short run) volatility. By contrast, in recessionary regimes, poorer countries face deeper failures and a negative correlation between growth and volatility is found, indicating that output fluctuates less around the trend during strong rather than mild recessions. Catching-up phenomena are infrequent but more likely to occur across categories of growth patterns rather than within. Finally, we discover that regimes of growth and recession show similar average length (about 16 years). Although recessions are, on average, remarkably pronounced (14% loss of GDP per capita), the magnitude of growth is much larger during expansions. In sum, our results underline that stable positive growth is hardly achieved in developing countries, which rather alternate long phases of expansions with equally long phases of recession. Moreover, cross-sectional empirical regularities are found to differ between regimes of positive and negative growth.     

The long-run impact of human capital on innovation and economic development in the regions of Europe

ABSTRACT

Human capital is supposed to be an important factor for innovation and economic development. However, the long-run impact of human capital on current innovation and economic development is still a black box, in particular at the regional level. Therefore, this paper makes the link between the past and the present. Using a large new dataset on regional human capital and other factors in the 19^th and 20^th century, we find that past regional human capital is a key factor explaining current regional disparities in innovation and economic development.