Cooperative Firms as a New Mode of Production

The importance of the notion of ‘the mode of production’ is emphasised by all those scholars who hold that the ‘history-as-totality’ approach is the core of Marx's theory of society. Among them, Gramsci argued that while scientific advancements could shed little light on the issues with which philosophers and economists had traditionally been concerned, concepts such as ‘social relations of production’ and ‘mode of production’ had provided valuable insights for philosophical and economic inquiry. Hence our interest in the question of whether a system of producer cooperatives would actually lead to the establishment of a new mode of production. Opinions in the matter diverge greatly, and major implications stem from the distinction between worker managed firms (WMFs) and labour managed firms (LMFs), where the latter strictly segregate capital incomes from labour incomes. We conclude that LMF cooperatives do implement a new mode of production because they reverse the typical capital–labour relation right within a capitalistic system. An additional major point addressed in some detail is the main contradiction in capitalism.     

Technological knowledge as an essential facility

The economics of regulation has articulated the notions of essential facility and mandated interconnection. Their application to the governance of technological knowledge can be fruitful especially when implemented by the adoption of a compensatory liability rule and the parallel reduction in the exclusivity of patents. Because knowledge is at the same time an output and an input in the production of new knowledge, exclusivity, traditionally associated to patents, is the cause of actual knowledge rationing with major drawbacks in terms of both static and dynamic efficiency. This institutional innovation can improve the governance of technological knowledge and increase both its rates of dissemination and generation.

The leader as chief knowledge officer

The most strategic asset a leader has to work with is the competency of her/his staff to perform at a level of excellence. The successful leader has the ability to create Communities of Practice within the organization that create highly bonded and effective communities of practice throughout the organization.     

中国会计师事务所迎战国际会计公司的对策

中国加入WTO后，会计师事务所将面临严峻的挑战已不可避免，本文从会计市场，服务领域，人才培养等方面论述了中国会计师事务所迎战国际会计公司的对策。     

家族企业特性与中国的家族企业发展

本质上,家族企业是一个不完全市场性的合约组织,具有自己的组织特性。我国的家族企业发展经历了一个由避光生存到向光成长、由体制外逐步向体制内转移的过程,通过了生存检验并充分体现了其组织有效性。在未来发展取向上,中国家族企业正逐步打破对家族资源的偏重依赖,积极探索外融性发展模式。     

On the measurement of patent stock as knowledge indicators

Most of the conventional indicators for measuring the amount of technological knowledge (TK) have so far been input-based indicators. Hence, there is growing need to develop output-based indicators, and accordingly some studies have been conducted thereon. However, previous research has adopted patent count or patent stock by simple count in measuring the amount of TK as output-based indicators. The principal problem with using this variable is that the value of individual patent is too heterogeneous. That is a large portion of these patent databases are either of little value or nothing at all. As a result, patent count or patent stock by simple count cannot be seen as a suitable measure of TK.In this study, we attempted to resolve the value-heterogeneity problem in measuring patent stock. The notion of citation-based patent stock (CPS) and valuation-based patent stock (VPS) is proposed in this paper and the calculation method is described in detail. In CPS, the economic value of individual patent is assumed to be proportional to the number of citations received from other patents. And in VPS, the economic value of individual patent is derived from the value distribution of patents registered in some cohort by manipulating the patent renewal data. We validated the indicators by comparing them with the usual input-based indicators and by analyzing the relationships between them and the productivity growth empirically.     

Firms as the source of innovation and growth: the evolution of technological competence

It is argued that the firm is the principal source of innovation and growth, a device for the establishment of technological competence, and for its continued development over time. Markets, products and background knowledge may change quite dramatically over time. Yet as a result of the cumulative nature of learning in the production processes of firms, the profile of corporate technological competence will tend to persist over quite long periods, provided there is institutional continuity. Within the same firm, competence may evolve into related areas, but the firm's technological origins will remain identifiable in its subsequent trajectories. However, if the institution itself changes more dramatically, this technological persistence may be disrupted. Supporting evidence is provided from data on the patenting of 30 large US and European companies, which have been continuously active since the interwar period. The science and the knowledge base, and the composition of products and markets may shift quite radically, but the firm's productive and technological system itself is potentially more stable. The firm provides a vehicle for potential institutional continuity and a device for managing transitions within the economic system.     

我国家族企业演进的目标模式——现代家族企业制度

目前对家族企业的演进目标有几种不同的观点。第一种观点认为,家族企业是传统的企业制度,应根据市场经济的要求向现代企业制度演进;第二种观点认为,在现阶段我国家族企业规模小的情况下,实行家族企业制度是可行的,但当企业发展到一定规模时,家族企业就要向现代企业制度转变;第三种观点认为,家族企业有其存在的必然性,不一定向现代企业制度转变(黄泰岩等)[1]。实际上,家族企业应该将家族制和现代企业制度有机结合,建立现代家族企业制度,走一条融合家族企业和现代企业制度两者优势的中间道路,才是我国家族企业演进的目标模式。     

Small Leading Firms*

We formally analyze the question of whether a price leader must control a large share of the market. Our main result is that if other producers have rising marginal costs and behave as price takers, even the smallest firm in a competitive industry with a rising supply curve can enhance its profits by cutting output and raising price, becoming a price leader. Therefore, we would expect pure competition to be destroyed under these technological conditions.     

僵尸企业的投资挤出效应:基于中国工业企业的证据

本文采用1998—2013年中国规模以上工业企业数据,研究了僵尸企业对非僵尸企业投资行为的影响。实证结果表明,一省的僵尸企业比例越高,当地非僵尸企业的投资规模越小,且这一挤出效应对私有企业尤为明显,而对国有企业并不显著。上述结果在不同固定效应设定、不同数据样本以及工具变量回归中均保持稳健。另外,僵尸企业对私有非僵尸企业投资的挤出在国家干预程度更强的地区和外部融资依赖程度更高的行业表现得更为明显。本文的研究显示,僵尸企业可能是造成近年民间投资疲软的重要原因之一,它减弱了金融对实体经济的支持。因此,一方面,政府应该积极推进国有企业和金融体系的市场化改革,消除僵尸企业形成的政策环境。另一方面,也要采取果断的市场化措施处置僵尸企业。     

Firms agglomeration and unions

Economic geography models predict the agglomeration of manufacturing activies only if the workforce is mobile. Still, as the E.U.'s experience shows, core-periphery patterns exist even though the workforce is rather immobile. The paper provides a theoretical explanation for such core-periphery patterns through the effect that unions have on firms’ incentive to agglomerate in a region. The paper offers fully analytical results about location equilibria and some interesting welfare properties.     

鲁系券商

<正> 山东证券经营机构的基本状况山东省证券经营机构是在1997年全国金融工作会议以来,在清理整顿、规范重组原有经营机构的基础上逐步发展起来的。在此期间,山东省就证券经营机构主要开展了清理场外非法股票交易、清理证券交易中心、按照信证分业要求清理整顿信托投资公司的证券业务等几项工作。具体而言,一是关闭了山东省企业产权交易所、淄博证券交易自动报价系统、青岛证券交易中心和威海证券交易报价系统,全省148家挂牌企业已于1999年9月1日全部摘牌,4个交易场所所属的     

Firms and regional favouritism

Using an unbalanced panel of 539 Vietnamese districts from 2000 to 2010 and the corresponding politicians’ profiles, we examine firm behaviour in response to favouritism by top-ranking politicians towards their districts of birth. Results show that the number of firms tend to increase in the home districts of politicians after they assume office. This favouritism is particularly pronounced for private domestic firms, construction firms and rural areas. However, state-owned firms are indifferent. We discuss the non-response of state-owned firms, potential mechanisms and channels behind the statistical results.     

日本家电企业品牌国际化及其对我国企业的启示

日本家电企业是日本企业中实施品牌国际化的领头羊,其品牌国际化战略具有代表性。本文以早期日本家电企业的品牌国际化为例,分析了日本家电企业品牌国际化遇到的主要问题,梳理了日本家电企业品牌国际化的主要步骤,归纳了日本家电企业品牌国际化的主要方法和手段,以期给我国家电企业品牌国际化建设提供重要借鉴。     

技术联盟企业间联合行动对企业创新绩效的影响

基于社会认同理论类化-认同-比较分析框架,将技术联盟中的企业联合行动、关系认同和知识多样性引入企业创新绩效反应机制,构建联合行动、关系认同和知识多样性三因素交互调节模型,探讨企业创新绩效生成机制。运用428份水环境治理企业调研数据进行实证分析,结果表明：联合行动正向影响企业创新绩效;关系认同正向调节联合行动对企业创新绩效的影响;企业间知识多样性正向调节关系认同在联合行动共同问题解决与企业创新绩效间的调节效应,即在企业间高知识多样性下,提高关系认同可以强化共同问题解决与企业创新绩效之间的关系;而企业间知识多样性对关系认同在联合行动共同认知与企业创新绩效间的调节作用不显著。     

Software marketing on the Internet: the use of samples and repositories

This paper examines one of the most important marketing strategies by software producers on the Internet. That is whether to offer free samples and, if so, whether to list the samples on shareware repositories. I show that firms with higher value products have a greater incentive to offer free samples but are more reluctant to do so if they are well known, and even when they do are less likely to be listed on shareware repositories. I then proceed to use four types of Probit-based models to corroborate the findings from the theoretical model.     

Multinational Firms and Plant Divestiture

Multinational firms not only make acquisitions, but also frequently divest affiliates. Affiliate divestiture is the result of many factors, some internal and some external to the firm. Using detailed confidential survey data of Swedish multinationals, we are able to examine divestiture decisions within the context of the world‐wide affiliate network of the firm. In contrast, most existing studies of multinational exit focus on one country only. A model of mergers and acquisitions with financing constraints generates predictions regarding the correlation between affiliate size and the decision to sell. Consistent with this theory, we find that larger affiliates are more likely to be divested, but an increase in relative size of an affiliate reduces the probability of divestiture. Additional network characteristics, the presence of other affiliates nearby and sales of affiliates elsewhere, are also positively correlated with divestiture. We find no support for the notion of footloose multinationals.     

券商集团化战略

<正> 集团化运作是国际证券市场上券商组织和管理的主要模式,在分业经营条件下,券商集团化运作主要采取证券控股集团的形式,即一种以证券业为主体的金融控股集团。我国证券公司实施集团化战略,必须以控股为基本手段,实现从以总分公司体制为主要脉络的组织架构向以母子公司体制为主要脉络的组织架构转变。建立健全公司法人治理结构是实现集团化战略的基本前提我国目前的证券公司除少量为股份有限公司外,基本上