二元经济结构下最低工资的就业效应研究——基于劳动力市场的视角

现阶段我国整体就业形势不容乐观,分析最低工资对就业的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过对我国劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析发现,最低工资对竞争性行业劳动力市场（城市二级劳动力市场）就业有显著的正面影响,对行政垄断行业劳动力市场（城市一级劳动力市场）就业的正面影响则很小。因此,根据我国劳动力市场的具体情况,合理设置最低工资标准有利于促进就业。     

劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资制度对就业的影响

最低工资标准对就业的影响是其经济效应最主要的方面之一。本文主要分析了我国劳动力市场分割产生的原因以及基于买方垄断市场情况下的最低工资对于就业的影响。     

最低工资标准提升的就业效应——一个基于自然实验的经验研究

本文以最低工资标准提升作为自然实验,应用回归调整的差中差方法分析了最低工资标准提升对青年和中年低技能劳动力就业的影响。研究结果表明,最低工资标准提升对低技能群体中的男性和青年女性的就业没有产生显著影响;但对低技能群体中的中年女性就业却产生显著的消极影响,且最低工资标准提升幅度越大,对就业的消极影响越大。因此,政府适当的提升最低工资标准将有助于低技能劳动力整体工资水平的增长。     

最低工资标准的就业效应研究--基于30个省际面板数据的实证分析

通过构建一个由最低工资标准等因素共同决定的劳动力就业函数,从理论层面分析最低工资标准提升等因素对城镇劳动力就业的影响。同时基于中国2004_2011年的省际面板数据,引入技术进步、城镇化、老年抚养比等指标,运用面板分位数回归方法进行实证分析。综合比较来看：现阶段最低工资标准提升与城镇劳动力就业呈显著正相关关系,而技术进步对城镇劳动力就业的影响不能一概而论,具有不确定性。其他控制变量如城镇化发展有利于提高城镇劳动力就业,而老年抚养比、对外开放度的提高却与城镇劳动力就业呈负相关关系。其对策含义为：要充分考虑相关因素对劳动力就业的冲击,理清不同地区、不同企业类型以及不同性别可能存在的有差异的劳动力就业效应,主张通过就业政策和劳动力市场制度的进一步完善,实现劳动力更加充分的就业。     

中国的最低工资对就业的影响

最低工资制度是政府通过法律手段保障低工资工人的收入、维护劳动者最基本的权益而对劳动力市场进行人为干预的一种政策选择,它对就业的影响引起了人们的广泛争议。本文利用我国2000-2010年30个省市自治区的面板数据,以最低工资制度最为直接的影响人群--其他人员的就业作为研究对象,采用可行的广义最小二乘（FGLS）方法考察了该制度对我国就业的影响。实证研究的结果表明,我国的最低工资水平相对于社会平均工资每提高10%,其他人员的就业在社会总就业中的比重下降约为23%,敏感性分析和动态回归把弹性范围扩大到-009~-029,这与国际上早期的时间序列研究的结论基本一致,这表明我国的最低工资制度对我国其他人员的就业产生了负面影响。     

从最低工资制度看经济发展——解读《最低工资:政策效应与新共识》

最低工资制度起始于19世纪90年代的新西兰和澳大利亚,1993年我国颁布了《企业最低工资规定》,此规定的出发点是保障劳动者最基本的权益,近几年由于劳动力市场供需的转换和最低工资标准提高的滞后,最低工资标准并没有在就业、收入、分配和经济发展中发挥作用.基于美国经济学教授及学者——戴维·纽马克的《最低工资:政策效应与新共识》一书来探究最低工资对经济发展影响和实践的认识.     

我国最低工资的制度逻辑——一个政治经济学的解读框架

最低工资制度从诞生时起就备受争议.主流经济学家反对的主要理由是,最低工资是对劳动力市场的价格管制,会导致失业率上升,经济效率下降.尽管这一结论并未完全得到实证检验的支持,但是作为一个正在崛起的发展中大国,效率和就业自然是我们首要关注的.理论和现实说明,我国目前并不具备最低工资的实施环境,那么政府为什么还要推行最低工资制度呢?本文提供了一个政治经济学的解读框架.     

最低工资与城镇老年劳动参与

在人口老龄化问题日益突出的背景下,充分利用老年劳动力资源,保障老年群体福利具有重要意义。文章利用城镇住户调查数据和区县最低工资数据,使用双向固定效应模型和“堆叠”双重差分法,分析了最低工资政策对城镇老年劳动供给行为的影响。研究发现:(1)最低工资标准每上涨10%,我国城镇老年群体的劳动参与率显著提高1.44个百分点;(2)从异质性上看,最低工资标准上涨主要影响男性、低技能、低财产性收入和来自东、中部地区的老年群体;(3)最低工资政策显著提高了老年群体进入正规部门就业和离退休再就业的概率,降低了离退休的概率,也显著提升了老年群体的工资水平。根据结论文章认为,合理提高最低工资标准对缓解老龄化问题和提高老年群体福利具有一定的积极作用。     

中国最低工资增长及其就业效应的马克思主义经济学解析

立足于马克思主义经济学的视角,最低工资制度不仅是对劳动力再生产的基本保障,也是对劳资间相对权力关系和积累的制度环境的协调.最低工资标准的提升并非单一的外生性保护政策干预,也是积累进程中劳动者生存环境、劳动力供求条件以及经济增长体制改变内生作用的结果.最低工资增长标示着普通劳动者收入提升,亦可能通过正向的生产率效应和需求效应,驱动就业与工资的同向增长.近年来,中国最低工资标准的提升与劳动力供给结构性不足、公共政策保护性增强等因素相关联,但同时与中国经济增长体制转变的内在逻辑相一致.经验分析显示,当前更高的最低工资标准可以推动潜在的青年劳动力供给增加,并且不会导致失业率的提升.充分发掘最低工资标准合理提升带来的正向供给效应和需求效应,成为中国经济增长动力机制转变的必要选择.     

最低工资对企业内部雇佣技能结构的影响

最低工资会直接影响企业的雇佣成本,进而会影响企业的雇佣结构。本文利用207 631个企业的调查数据以及当地最低工资的数据,实证检验了最低工资如何影响企业内部的雇佣技能结构。结果发现,在最低工资标准提高后,企业内部雇佣的中等技能劳动力占比增加,高技能劳动力占比减少,从而导致企业内部雇佣的平均技能降低,这一结论在各项稳健性检验下依旧成立。因此,政府应合理调整最低工资标准,避免对企业造成过大的用工成本压力;政府应多扶持中小企业,帮助中小企业实现转型升级,这也有助于促进中高技能劳动力更好地就业。     

最低工资对农民工劳动供给存在空间溢出效应吗？——基于空间面板Durbin模型的分析

通过空间面板杜宾模型分析最低工资对农民工劳动供给是否存在空间溢出效应。研究发现,最低工资对农民工劳动供给不存在空间溢出效应,主要表现为最低工资对农民工的就业不存在显著的空间溢出效应,对农民工工作时间存在显著消极的空间溢出效应。最低工资对女性农民工就业呈现出倒"U"型的影响,对男性农民工就业的影响不显著;最低工资对女性农民工和男性农民工工作时间呈现出倒"U"型的影响。     

An Efficiency Enhancing Minimum Wage

We consider an economy with a tax on all labor earnings. We discover that a slightly binding minimum wage on one sector can enhance efficiency. The minimum wage attracts high‐reservation wage workers into the minimum‐wage sector. If the labor demand curve in the free sector is quite flat, the vast majority of workers displaced by the minimum wage find employment in the free sector, raising aggregate employment. This displacement of workers by the only slightly binding minimum wage has negligible effects on efficiency. So efficiency and tax revenue rise as the minimum wage pulls labor out of untaxed leisure, where too much of the labor force is lurking, into taxed work.     

IS MINIMUM WAGE AN EFFECTIVE ANTI‐POVERTY POLICY IN JAPAN?

This paper considers whether the minimum wage is a well‐targeted antipoverty policy by examining the backgrounds of minimum‐wage workers. Whether raising the minimum wage reduces employment for unskilled workers is also investigated. An examination of micro data from a large‐scale government household survey, the Employment Structure Survey (Shugyo Kozo Kihon Chosa), reveals that approximately half of minimum‐wage workers belong to households with annual incomes of more than 5 million yen as a non‐head of household. A regression analysis indicates that an increase in the minimum wage moderately reduces the employment of male teenagers and middle‐aged married women, while it encourages the employment of high‐school age youth.     

THE IMPACT OF THE MINIMUM WAGE ON FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN JAPAN

This article examines the impact of the minimum wage on employment, focusing on women in their 20s and 30s, who are known to be typical low‐wage workers in Japan. The results, based on a panel estimation, suggest that the minimum wage has a measurable impact on employment; the workers whose current wage is below the revised minimum wage are about 20–30 percentage points less likely to be employed in the following year than comparable low‐wage workers who are not affected by the revision of the minimum wage. The estimation results are sensitive to the choice of the control group. (JEL J23, J38, J88)     

Dealing with monopsony power: Employment subsidies vs. minimum wages

We show in a monopsony model that accounting for changes in hours a minimum wage has ambiguous effects on employment and welfare. When all workers have the same preference ordering over leisure and consumption employment subsidies unambiguously improve welfare. Many countries have minimum wages and also tax minimum wage workers.     

MINIMUM WAGE EFFECTS ON PERMANENT VERSUS TEMPORARY MINIMUM WAGE EMPLOYMENT

We estimate the effect of minimum wages on employment using the Master Files of the Canadian Labour Force Survey over the recent period 1997–2008. Particular attention is paid to the differences between permanent and temporary minimum wage workers—an important distinction not made in the existing literature. Our estimates for permanent and temporary minimum wage workers combined are at the lower end of estimates based on Canadian studies estimated over earlier time periods, suggesting that the adverse employment effects are declining over time for reasons discussed. Importantly, the adverse employment effects are substantially larger for permanent compared to temporary minimum wage workers; in fact they fall almost exclusively on permanent minimum wage workers. (JEL J30)     

Comparing employment estimates using different minimum wage variables: the case of Brazil

Several minimum wage variables have been suggested in the literature to estimate the effect of the minimum wage on employment. The most common ones are the real minimum wage, the ‘Kaitz index’, the ‘fraction affected’, the ‘fraction at’ and the ‘fraction below’. This diversity of variables makes it difficult to compare the associated estimates across studies. One problem is that these estimates are not always calibrated to represent the employment effect of a 1% minimum wage increase. Another problem is that these estimates measure employment effects for different groups of workers. In this paper we critically compare employment effect estimates using these five minimum wage variables and data from a Brazilian monthly household survey panel from 1982 to 2000. Our principal finding is that the sign of this effect is robust across the different minimum wage variables, but that its magnitude and significance are sensitive to the minimum wage variable used.     

Minimum wage,on-the-job search and employment: On the sectoral and aggregate equilibrium effect of the mandatory minimum wage

We study the impact of a minimum wage in a segmented labor market in which workers are at different stages of their careers. At the end of a learning-by-doing period, workers paid the minimum wage quit “bad jobs” for better-paying “good jobs”, following an on-the-job search process with endogenous search intensity. A rise in the minimum wage reduces “bad jobs” creation and prompts workers to keep their “bad jobs” by reducing on-the-job search intensity. The ambiguous impact on unqualified employment replicates and explains the findings of several empirical studies. However, a minimum wage rise reduces overall employment and output.