Innovations for reaching the green sustainable development goals –where will they come from?

Reaching the sustainable development goals needs innovations. This paper addresses the dynamics of green energy and resource efficiency innovations, and looks at the positioning of countries from the North and emerging economies. We use indicators for both general innovation capabilities and specific green technology capabilities. Data on general innovation capabilities reveal that the traditional OECD countries, by and large, still possess advantages compared to Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). Literature and Patent indicators reveal that the innovation dynamics are particularly high for publications. Literature and exports indicators reveal that the South has been catching up substantially. With regard to patents, some countries of the South are catching up, but the North is still cleary leading. A detailed analysis of co-patenting and country-to-country trade data reveals a more differentiated picture: Leading countries from Europe such as Germany as still specializing on serving the markets of traditional OECD countries. Japan and Korea are very reluctant with regard to co-patenting, but specialize in exporting to China. South-South trade in green technologies is the fastest growing market segment. However, countries of the South are pursuing a differentiated strategy: Mexico is highly integrated into the US economy. Singapore and South Korea have been catching up and provide technologies especially for China. China itself is following a double strategy, with absorbing technology from the North in order to compete on markets of the North on the one hand, but increasingly specializing on becoming lead supplier for countries of the South on the other hand. The other technology providers from the South are mainly specializing in supplying other countries from the South. Thus, a segmentation of the market is likely, with green sustainability innovations in the South more likely originating in the South as well, and China being an important country to adapt knowledge from the North to the needs of the South.     

Prospects of trade liberalization between the developed and the developing countries

This paper analyzes the theoretical and policy aspects of various possible approaches — multilateral, preferential and others — toward new initiatives for liberalizing trade relations between the developed and the developing countries. The increasing differentiation between the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) and the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) suggests that a multidimensional framework, allowing flexibility in dealing with different subsets within the developing countries would be more relevant. The paper analyzes the probable outcomes and constraints of the various trade-liberalizing options with regard to their effects on trade flows, welfare and terms of trade.     

The newly industrializing countries and radical theories of development

The failure of the neo-Marxist dependency perspectives to accommodate and come to terms with the possibilities of peripheral capitalist development in the four Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) of East and Southeast Asia should not then result in the embracing of the stages approaches espoused either by modernization theory or by Warren. Rather, consideration should be given to approaches which emphasize, within the backdrop of the changing internationalization of the self-expansion of capital, the historical specificities of capital accumulation, class struggle and the role of the state in the process of social reproduction.     

Global economic sustainability indicator: analysis and policy options for the Copenhagen process

The traditional discussion about CO₂ emissions and greenhouse gases as a source of global warming has been rather static, namely in the sense that innovation dynamics have not been considered much. Given the global nature of the climate problem, it is natural to develop a more dynamic Schumpeterian perspective and to emphasize a broader international analysis, which takes innovation dynamics and green international competitiveness into account: We discuss key issues of developing a consistent global sustainability indicator, which should cover the crucial dimensions of sustainability in a simple and straightforward way. The basic elements presented here concern genuine savings rates—covering not only depreciations on capital, but on the natural capital as well—, the international competitiveness of the respective country in the field of environmental (“green”) goods and the share of renewable energy generation. International benchmarking can thus be encouraged and opportunities emphasized—an approach developed here. This new EIIW-vita Global Sustainability Indicator is consistent with the recent OECD requirements on composite indicators and thus, we suggest new options for policymakers. The US and Indonesia have suffered from a decline in their performance in the period 2000–07; Germany has improved its performance as judged by the new composite indicator whose weights are determined from factor analysis. The countries covered stand for roughly 91% of world GDP, 94% of global exports, 82% of global CO₂ emissions and 68% of the population.     

需求对战略性新兴产业的拉动作用研究综述——兼论需求和创新对产业结构演变的作用

文章从需求的角度梳理一般性创新和破坏性创新发生的机理,主要研究消费者的各种特征如何影响其对新产品和新技术的需求,进而影响采用新技术的企业和在位主导企业的生存和发展以及由此产生的战略性新兴产业的兴起和发展过程。文章进一步讨论了由此引起的产业结构的变迁。最后,通过案例说明了需求通过创新对战略性新兴产业的拉动作用,分析了一些发达国家在创新和战略性新兴产业发生和发展过程中需求所产生的作用,以此为我国战略性新兴产业的发展提供理论和经验依据。     

“双碳”目标下广东低碳发展的技术路径

广东能耗强度、碳排放强度的控制水平走在全国前列,能耗水平降低和能源结构调整空间有限,仅靠现有技术手段难以提升广东绿色低碳发展水平。各个国家和地区都将科技创新作为推动绿色低碳发展的有效手段,广东亦需围绕能源、工业、交通、建筑、农业农村等碳排放主要领域,开展绿色低碳关键核心技术攻关,突破绿色低碳技术创新瓶颈,为碳达峰碳中和的实现提供技术上可行、经济上合理的科技支撑。     

发展中国家技术创新存在的特殊问题研究

发展中国家的技术创新和发达国家的技术创新有一定的共性,但发展中国家的技术创新还存在一些特殊问题:发展中国家技术创新起点低,市场动力不足,技术创新投入有限,发达国家的技术封锁和技术压制,技术轨道锁定等。文章从发展中国家的技术创新存在的特殊问题出发,结合技术轨道理论提出相应对策。     

Connecting capabilities in highly unequal developing countries: The case of the Square Kilometre Array telescope in South Africa

ABSTRACT

Innovation and skills development require interactive capabilities to function effectively. Interactive capabilities mediate between skills supply and skills demand actors in an innovation system, and in the knowledge economy more broadly. This article investigates such interactive capabilities, and the manner in which they facilitate labour market alignment. Within a case-study focus on the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope in South Africa, we investigate how organisational capabilities, structures, and mechanisms facilitate or constrain interaction between the SKA and its network partners, including universities, firms, intermediaries, and a technical college. This illustrates how pockets of excellence within an unequal South African skills and innovation landscape were effectively connected in order to build a critical mass of skills and technologies that were highly competitive on the international stage. This shows how, in highly unequal developing countries, interactive capabilities form a lever for access to the global science and technology frontier.     

互联网平台下商业模式创新的路径、经验和启示

互联网经济快速发展,基于互联网平台的企业创新行为具有鲜明的特色。纵向研究了三家企业的创新过程,发现互联网环境下,企业商业模式创新有三个特点:以客户为中心的战略准则,价值创造由企业转向客户;企业打破边界,加强合作伙伴之间的协同和柔性,大幅提高创新效率;企业提高管理不确定的能力,领导者、企业文化、管理模式帮助企业应对不确定性。同时,提出当前创新模式存在核心技术缺乏、生产端缺乏创新的潜在风险,并提出创新发展的建议:加强生产端互联网的建设,提高创新质量;深化完善商业生态系统建设,提高商业系统整体的创新能力。     

Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth

This article suggests that the specialization of countries in international trade is determined by the lead-lag market pattern of national markets. Many internationally successful innovations have been adopted first in one country while other countries initially either preferred other designs or an established product. A model for the international diffusion of innovations is presented in which nationally preferred innovation designs compete to become a globally dominant design. In this model, there are country-specific market attributes that increase the likelihood that the choice a country makes among alternative technologies is followed around the world. It is argued that technological knowledge gaps are not the origin of an international competitive advantage. Instead, a country gains a competitive advantage because a specific innovation design was adopted earlier than in any other country. This gives local firms a head start in producing, gathering marketing intelligence and securing the property rights of a globally successful innovation. In countries with lag market characteristics, domestic innovations are less likely to get adopted worldwide. Lag markets often switch from a domestic innovation design to a foreign innovation design, which increases imports. The lead-lag market explanation of trade specialization has implications for national policies. In this model domestic innovations do not always foster exports; idiosyncratic innovations induced by lag market contexts can hamper the export chances of local firms and in the end lead to an increase in imports. It is suggested that in order to increase exports, national policies have to distinguish between a domestic lead and lag market context in each industry. While in a lead market context, traditional policy instruments that enhance the rate of innovations are effective, in a lag market situation national follower strategies are more appropriate.     

WHO DEVELOPS INNOVATIONS IN MEDICINE FOR THE POOR? TRENDS IN PATENT APPLICATIONS RELATED TO MEDICINES FOR HIV/AIDS,TUBERCULOSIS, MALARIA,AND NEGLECTED DISEASES

This paper analyzes patent data of medicines and vaccines for diseases spreading in low‐income countries. The data were retrieved from a database of the Japan Patent Office. Who invents medicines for the poor of the world? This is the main question that the paper addresses. Results indicate that not only public institutions but also private firms have played an important role in developing innovations for fighting both global diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, and so‐called neglected diseases including malaria, which seem to spread almost exclusively in low‐income countries. Moreover, the basic mechanism of innovation is similar between the development of medicines for HIV/AIDS and those for neglected diseases. Finally, among firms, infectious disease fighting innovations are quite diverse. R&D stock and economies of scope are used to explain frequent patent applications by a high‐performing pharmaceutical firm.     

国家中长期技术创新能力的评价与排名

探讨了国家技术创新能力在中长期内如何进行评价的问题，通过理论分析构建了包括技术创新投入、技术创新产出、技术创新基础的技术创新能力评价模型，并且以G20成员国家为主要对象，在2000年至2010年的期间,对这些国家的技术创新能力进行了初探性的评估和排名，揭示了全球技术创新能力的竞争态势。     

国家中长期技术创新能力的评价与排名

探讨了国家技术创新能力在中长期内如何进行评价的问题，通过理论分析构建了包括技术创新投入、技术创新产出、技术创新基础的技术创新能力评价模型，并且以G20成员国家为主要对象，在2000年至2010年的期间，对这些国家的技术创新能力进行了初探性的评估和排名，揭示了全球技术创新能力的竞争态势。     

Development Trajectories in the Biotechnology Industry： China versus Leading Countries

The present paper examines China's biotechnology industry from a global perspective and explores how its development trajectory differs from that of countries that are leaders in biotechnology. We draw on diverse data to demonstrate the unique development trajectory of the industry in China. China has benefited through targeted spin‐offs of R&D‐oriented foreign direct investment from developed countries driven by the effects of globalization, government‐encouraged collaboration between the domestic academia and industry, and the input of overseas returnees. Together with an increasing focus of the government and domestic enterprises on independent innovation, such developments have enabled China to catch up with the global biotechnology industry. However, its small scale and low capacity for commercializing innovations under China's current regulations and other barriers pose challenges for the development of the industry. Suggestions for the sustainable development of China's biotechnology industry are presented in this study.     

“双碳”目标下企业绿色转型发展的促进策略

实现碳减排是应对全球气候变化的有效路径。生态优先绿色发展的主旋律、“双碳”目标的提出、环境规制不断完善的制度环境,都要求企业加快绿色转型发展。在对企业绿色转型发展中理念创新、环境规制、资源利用、环境影响及技术创新等问题进行理论阐释的基础上,提出了推动企业绿色转型发展的路径:明确理念目标,坚定企业绿色转型发展的方向;升级产业结构,确保企业绿色转型发展的质量;优化能源结构,提高企业绿色转型发展的效率;创新绿色技术,提升企业绿色转型发展的能力;完善体制机制,保障企业绿色转型发展的可持续。     

浙江省城市创新能力的评价研究——基于58个市(县)的创新能力分析

城市处于区域创新体系的中心,作为创新型国家建设的重要组成部分,创新型城市建设不应仅局限在中心城市,也应包括对中小城市创新能力的培育和提升.文章在归纳总结创新型城市评价指标体系研究现状的基础上,构建出适合浙江省市(县)的创新能力评价指标体系,然后利用熵值法测算浙江省58个市(县)的创新能力,并对测算结果进行排名、分析,最终提出相应的对策建议.     

The Green Factor of Economic Growth in Russia and the World

The article discusses the role of environmental and climate factors in the modernization of the global and Russian economies in the context of the challenges presented by the new industrial revolution. It is emphasized that a restraining effect of these factors on economic growth is primarily caused by qualitative characteristics of technologies used for resource utilization and the adaptation of population and facilities to global climate changes. The article considers a growing urgency of eco-innovations, as well as “green” technologies overall, as a factor affecting the economic growth and modernization of the economy; the unevenness of the development of these technologies in the countries of the world; and strategic risks of Russia’s lagging behind the leading world economies in this area. A special emphasis is placed upon (i) a substantiation of the significance of the mineral, raw material and fuel and energy complexes, as well as the forest-industryl and agro-industrial complex, as priority sectors for the development eco-innovations and green technologies in Russia and (ii) arguing that in Russian conditions a long-term development policy is in essence a strategy for green economic growth.     

A search for robust East Asian development models after the financial crisis: mutual learning from East Asian experiences

The purpose of this paper is to search for new robust East Asian economic development models following the financial crisis. Specifically, this paper addresses both robustness and sustainability of Korea’s Chaebol-led model, Taiwan’s SMEs-led model, and Malaysia’s FDI-led model, respectively. East Asia’s new development paradigm can be reformulated not only by adopting and learning advanced financial innovations of global standards in the framework of Gershenkron’s “advantages of backwardness,” but also in the concept of “mutual learning” from both strengths and weaknesses of development models of the three countries. East Asia has neglected too long some inherent wisdoms that are contained in its “miracle models,” yet it shows that their different paths to development may lead to a positive policy convergence.     

新型国际分工、国际收支失衡与金融创新

在20世纪90年代以后,世界上主要国家的国际收支失衡得到了非常广泛的关注.很多学者认为金融发展包括金融一体化、金融深化和国家之间的金融异质性是这次失衡得以持续的重要原因.本文认为金融创新作为金融发展的动力或源泉促进了国家在制造业和金融业的分工.具有金融业比较优势的国家容易产生经常项目的赤字,具有制造业比较优势的国家容易产生经常项目的盈余.全球数据的检验结果进一步验证了国际分工对全球国际收支失衡的影响.     

天津港保税区高新技术企业创新效率及影响因素研究——基于数据包络分析方法和托宾模型

以天津港保税区2022年通过高新认定的226家高新技术企业为例，运用数据包络分析方法（DEA），从整体视角、级别视角、领域视角等多维度对企业创新效率进行评价，并采用托宾（Tobit）模型对创新效率的影响因素进行探究。结果表明，保税区高新技术企业中有15.49%达到最佳有效，73.01%的企业达到一般及以上能力水平，创新效率仍有提升空间；创新效率主要受纯技术效率限制；科技领军型高新技术企业创新效率最高、普通型次之、瞪羚型最低；不同技术领域高新技术企业创新效率差异明显；股权集中度、企业规模促进了创新效率提升，税收负担抑制创新效率。根据实证结果提出了天津港保税区提升高新技术企业创新效率的对策建议。