An Empirical Equilibrium Job Search Model With Search on the Job and Heterogeneous Workers and Firms

In this article we present and estimate a synthesis of previous equilibrium search models, allowing for continuous distributions of workers' opportunity costs of employment as well as firms' productivities. The model allows for on-the-job search, and we assume that job offer arrival rates for workers are independent of their labor-market state. We derive the theoretical implications of these assumptions, we provide simulations, and we develop a semiparametric estimation procedure that we apply to a dataset of individual labor-market histories.     

Holdups and Efficiency with Search Frictions

A natural holdup problem arises in a market with search frictions: Firms have to make a range of investments before finding their employees, and larger investments translate into higher wages. In particular, when wages are determined by ex post bargaining, the equilibrium is always inefficient: Recognizing that capital-intensive production relations have to pay higher wages, firms reduce their investments. This can only be prevented by removing all the bargaining power from the workers, but this, in turn, depresses wages below their social product and creates excessive entry of firms. In contrast to this benchmark, we show that efficiency is achieved when firms post wages and workers can direct their search toward more attractive offers. This efficiency result generalizes to an environment with imperfect information where workers only observe a few of the equilibrium wage offers. We show that the underlying reason for efficiency is not wage posting per se, but the ability of workers to direct their search toward more capital-intensive jobs.     

在线社交网络环境下信息态的传播研究

信息态是广义虚拟经济理论体系中的重要概念,在在线社交网络快速发展的今天展现出强大的生命力。本文在广义虚拟经济二元价值容介态的概念框架下,对在线社交网络上信息态传播的理论模型进行了研究,构建了UPNL模型并进行了数值模拟实验和模型参数的敏感性分析。实验结果表明,信息态本身的态度倾向性对信息态传播过程具有较大的影响,而友邻的态度是决定个体是否转变态度的决定性因素。本文的研究成果进一步丰富了信息态的研究视角,为进一步推动广义虚拟经济研究提供了有益参考。     

The Role of Selective Job Search in UK Unemployment

Selective search where unemployed job losers confine their job seeking efforts to matches in the pre-separation sector has attracted consid erable attention as a possible source of high and persistent unemployment. However, this idea is questionable. Those opting for selection may do so because this strategy is more effective at gener ating an acceptable offer. Using UK microdata I find evidence in support of the latter view. Selective searchers cannot account for the persistence of high unemployment since the early 1980s     

The Role of Expectation on Job Search and the Firm Size Effect on Wages

We formulate dynamic games which give a rationale to the firm size–wage effect that the sheer firm size increases wages. We postulate that past wages of large firms are known to new employees, while those of small firms are not. Large firms can credibly induce workers to expect high future wages and reduce turnover, while small firms have no choice but to be myopic and pay low wages. The equilibrium wage differential obtains under the same worker characteristics and production function. We provide empirical evidence that workers' expectations depend on firm size and affect wages as predicted by our model.     

On the Efficiency of Decentralized Exchange with Resale Possibilities

This paper studies decentralized exchange by bilateral matching and bargaining when resale is possible. Decentralized exchange involves the risk that goods and services may be allocated inefficiently; if low-valuation buyers consume while high-valuation buyers do not, then social welfare is reduced. If resale is possible and transaction costs are negligible, we would nevertheless expect an efficient allocation to result from decentralized exchange. This paper suggests that this depends on the nature of the commodity; while the allocation of a durable good will be efficient, the allocation of a consumable good need not.     

Communication and Coordination in Social Networks

I model people in a coordination game who use a communication network totell each other their willingness to participate. The minimal sufficientnetworks for coordination can be interpreted as placing people into ahierarchy of social roles or "stages": "initial adopters", then "followers", and so on down to "late adopters". A communication network helps coordination in exactly two ways: by informing each stage about earlier stages, and by creating common knowledge within each stage. We then consider two examples: first we show that"low dimensional" networks can be better for coordination eventhough they have far fewer links than "high dimensional" networks;second we show that wide dispersion of "insurgents", peoplepredisposed toward participation, can be good for coordination but too muchdispersion can be bad.     

论效率

效率，存在于一切运动领域，但只有人才能主动地认识和提高效率。管理，作为人的操作方式，其核心就是为了提高效率。效率是一个复杂的多维的立体的动态的“全息”概念，效率原则，就是在实际生活中，严格地以追求高效率为目标，一切行动以高效率作为衡量的标准。效率原则的实现需要进行效率革命。效率革命的成果表现为效率文明。但真正要进行效率革命，创造效率文明，必须用科学的方法，把提高效率作为一项系统工程。     

我国环境污染信息披露的主体选择与社会效率

环境污染信息披露作为环境管制措施已受到我国政府高度重视。由污染者还是第三方负责环境污染信息披露,其社会效率存在重要差异。文章利用污染者与受污者之间信息不对称的行为选择模型,基于污染者付费原则的环境污染信息披露社会效率研究表明:少数情况下由污染者负责环境污染信息披露可以将污染外部性内在化,但大多数情况下只有第三方负责环境污染信息披露才具有社会效率。     

Peer Effects and Social Networks in Education

We develop a model that shows that, at the Nash equilibrium, the outcome of each individual embedded in a network is proportional to his/her Katz–Bonacich centrality measure. This measure takes into account both direct and indirect friends of each individual, but puts less weight to his/her distant friends. We then bring the model to the data using a very detailed dataset of adolescent friendship networks. We show that, after controlling for observable individual characteristics and unobservable network specific factors, a standard deviation increase in the Katz–Bonacich centrality increases the pupil school performance by more than 7% of one standard deviation.     

社会网络、非正规金融与创业

社会网络可以缓解信息不对称问题,从而促进民间借贷。本文使用中国农村的调查数据,发现拥有更多社会网络的农民,会有更多的民间借贷渠道,从而更有可能创办自营工商业。农村个体工商业的初始投资和后续发展所需的资金很大程度上来自于亲友的借款。本文还发现,在正规金融越不发达的地方,民间借贷对农民创办自营工商业所发挥的作用越大。这表明,依托亲友关系的非正规金融弥补了农村正规金融发展滞后的缺陷。     

招聘中歧视现象的实证研究——基于北京地区企业的调研分析

招聘中歧视行为已经成为劳动力市场中的一个普遍现象,给社会、用人单位、求职者都带来了很大程度的负面影响。通过对北京地区568家用人单位招聘条件的调查,分析了用人单位不同岗位招聘过程中的歧视现象和产生的原因,从社会和政府、用人单位、求职者等角度提出了避免招聘过程中歧视的建议和对策。     

社会网络的四种功能框架及其测量

通过对文献的系统归纳,本文将社会网络的主要功能归纳为四种,信息获取、互惠合作、结构支持和资源获取。这样的分类框架避免了之前研究中仅测量企业拥有的社会网络而忽视企业动用的社会网络的问题。本文开发了测量社会网络四种功能的量表,并应用验证性因子分析验证了量表的效度。然后在Miles和Snow战略选择框架下,通过305个样本对本文的假设进行了实证验证。     

Interactions on Job and Employee Effort within Italian Social Cooperatives

The aim of this paper is to analyse, using a standard ordered probit model, the correlates of worker effort within Italian social cooperatives. The main assumption of the paper is that employee effort depends not only on standard variables that explain effort but also on employees’ interpersonal relationships on the job. The analysis adds a new piece of evidence to the extant literature on effort, i.e. the impact of on-the-job interpersonal relationships on effort. The results show that there exists a positive correlation between the quantity and quality of worker relations within the social enterprise with customers, volunteers, colleagues and superiors and effort.     

环境效率、能源效率与经济社会发展协调度

首先基于数据包络分析(DEA)模型提出了单要素效率和要素联合使用效率的定义,然后应用2003～2007年的省级数据测算了我国30个省市(西藏除外)的环境效率、能源效率和经济社会发展的协调度。测算结果显示,我国各地经济社会发展协调度总体上呈现出区域特征,东部的协调度比西部和中部高些。各地产业结构、能源生产与消费的分工结构、外商直接投资(FDI)、技术进步和环境治理的投入均可解释我国各区域经济社会发展协调度的差异。     

论效率与公平的统一

效率和社会公平可以兼得,公平可以促进效率,不公阻碍效率。最大的公平就是最大的效率。维护公平,注重效率, 努力促进人的自由而全面的发展,是马克思主义关于建设社会主义新社会的本质要求。     

On the Efficiency of Green Trade Policy

The paper derives conditions for second best environmental policy when there are foreign countries which fail to implement appropriate environmental regulations. It is shown that in such cases, efficiency in the global economy will not be achieved unless domestic environmental regulations are supplemented by trade provisions. The result is independent of whether environmental problems are local or international. Furthermore, when trade provisions are implemented, efficiency requires that domestic environmental taxes are fixed at the Pigouvian tax rate. The results imply that there is an economic rationale for regulating the trade between signatories and non-signatories of international environmental agreements. Efficient trade regulations will either take the form of trade restrictions or trade promotions, depending on whether the environmental problem is created by production or consumption activities, and whether the net import of the relevant commodity is positive or negative. It is argued that an efficient climate agreement, signed by a group of fuel-importing countries (e.g., the OECD countries), should include a subsidy on the import of fossil fuels.     

平等、效率和社会稳定的整合选择

平等、效率是影响社会稳定的复合变量。我国平等、效率和社会稳定目标的整合选择取向，应当是在推进经济背景平等的过程中凸显教育对能力培养的杠杆作用，以阶层和职业的较充分流动创造更充分的机会平等，以不断深化的法治推动经济规则平等，应着重以经济机会和经济规则的平等，营造社会公正和效率含量更高的社会稳定环境。     

社会养老保险基金营运效率损失的规避

养老保险基金的特殊使命决定了它的双重刚性。在委托代理的运营方式中,不可避免地存在着由于信息不对称和监督缺失等原因造成的逆向选择、道德风险,从而导致基金运营的效率损失。本文认为其规避办法是,建立完善的运营监管机制,对于提高以委托———代理方式运营的养老保险基金的运行效率尤为重要。