Background Uncertainty and the Demand for Insurance Against Insurable Risks

Theory suggests that people facing higher uninsurable background risk buy more insurance against other risks that are insurable. This proposition is supported by Italian cross-sectional data. It is shown that the probability of purchasing casualty insurance increases with earnings uncertainty. This finding is consistent with consumer preferences being characterized by decreasing absolute prudence.     

An Investigation of Event Study Methodologies with Clustered Events and Event Day Uncertainty

The specification and power of mean-adjusted, market and quadratic models in event studies using OLS, Patell, Jaffe and GLS are examined. Simulation is used with security and portfolio returns to capture different cross correlations. The market model is always superior in specification and power compared to the mean-adjusted and quadratic models. The use of OLS with the market model is supported in the absence of clustered events and event day uncertainty, whereas use of Jaffe with the market model is supported in the presence of these problems.     

Concentrated Announcements on Clustered Data: An Event Study on Biotechnology Stocks

In spring 2000, three events—two political statements by Bill Clinton and Tony Blair and a breakthrough announcement by Celera Genomics—had a major impact on biotechnology stocks. We analyze their effects over a comprehensive set of biopharmaceutical companies, using a composite return-generating model with an industry-specific patent-based factor. Our results show that stocks can be clustered according to their responsiveness to political and scientific events. Furthermore, we emphasize different impacts on the market value of intangible assets for each cluster, suggesting that growth options are valued with different criteria for therapeutics, and technology-based subsectors.     

Stock Market Reaction to Monetary Policy: An Event Study Analysis of the Brazilian Case

This article examines the relationship between the monetary policy implemented by the Central Bank of Brazil and the stock market. We implement event study analysis and analyze the effect of the anticipated and unanticipated components of monetary policy decisions on the returns of the IBOVESPA index and 53 stocks. We find that monetary policy has a significant effect on the stock market, but is only responsible for a small proportion of market variation. The analysis at the sector level with expected returns identifies that the financial sector is the most affected by this policy, whereas with excess returns only industrial goods are significantly affected. Moreover, individual assets respond in a rather heterogeneous fashion to monetary policy; however, when we look at excess returns, we identify a reduction in the intensity and in the number of companies impacted by monetary policy. Finally, the monetary shock is explained by unanticipated variations in the unemployment rate, in the Industrial Production Index, in the General Market Price Index, and in the Broad Consumer Price Index.     

中国上市公司股票信用风险的事件研究

在对上市公司违规行为分类的基础上,采用事件研究法对股票信用风险引起股票价格的异常波动进行实证分析,发现收益信息披露和担保或关联交易两类违规行为,给投资者造成明显损失.     

An Evaluation of Testing Procedures for Long Horizon Event Studies

We conduct a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate testing procedures for long horizon event studies. The simulation results raise the following concerns about some popular practices: (1) using the four-factor model that includes the Fama-French three factors and a momentum-related factor causes serious over rejection of the null hypothesis; (2) using reference portfolios as benchmark tends to overestimate event firms' long-term returns; and (3) the computation-intensive bootstrap test has low power for long event horizons. Moreover, unless the number of event firms in a study is very large, all testing procedures suffer substantial loss of power quickly as event horizon increases, especially for samples of small firms. Of particular interest, the combination of the nonparametric sign test with a single firm benchmark shows the best performance consistently in our simulations.     

An Investigation of Market Microstructure Impacts on Event Study Returns

We investigate the importance of bid-ask spread-induced biases on event date returns as exemplified by seasoned equity offerings by NYSE listed firms. We document significant negative return biases on the offering day which explain a large portion of the negative event date return documented in the literature. Buy-sell order flow imbalance is prominent around the offering and induces a relatively large spread bias. If order imbalances are suspected, the researcher can use returns calculated from the midpoint of the closing bid and ask quotes instead of returns calculated from closing transaction prices to avoid this return bias.     

Event studies: A methodology review

Originally developed as a statistical tool for empirical research in accounting and finance, event studies have since migrated to other disciplines as well, including economics, history, law, management, marketing, and political science. Despite the elegant simplicity of a standard event study, variations in methodology and their relative merits continue to attract attention in the literature. This paper reviews some of the fundamental topics in short‐term event study methodology, with an attempt to add new perspectives to some pressing topics.     

An Event Option Pricing Model with Scheduled and Unscheduled Announcement Effects

There is considerable evidence supporting the time-varying distribution of asset returns. There is also ample evidence that scheduled announcement events such as money supply announcements (in the case of foreign exchange), earnings announcements (in the case of stocks), and crop reports (in the case of commodities), as well as random unscheduled events, can affect the level and volatility of asset returns. This study provides an Event Model for European call options which explicitly addresses effects of these two classes of events. This specification requires estimation of more parameters, but it could provide a more accurate basis for pricing options than previous Poisson jump-diffusion models. Parametric analysis shows that the standard models under price the options relative to the Event Model. The Event Model may be particularly useful in pricing short-term deep out-of-the-money options when scheduled events are present in the market.     

A Case Study on Classroom Questioning of An English Teacher in Middle School

Case study has been widely used in the studies of pedagogy. Through case studies, researchers are able to deeply investigate the at itudes, behaviors and conceptions of the teachers and students. With ...     

流通股回购：股价的事项性反应与绩效研究

邯郸钢铁股票回购是我国首例流通股回购，本文运用事件研究法考察了市场的反应，分析了回购对企业价值的影响。研究结果发现，邯郸钢铁股票回购公告能够传递某种信息，市场对回购的反应经历了先积极，然后振荡调整，最终大幅下滑的过程，原因可能是投资者对公司回购流通股的真正目的难以辨认。邯郸钢铁此次回购并没有增加企业的价值。     

Value of Latent Information: Alternative Event Study Methods

This paper presents an econometric model to value latent information underlying corporate events. This model computes the market's inference of the value of latent information from the probability of an event, conditional on firm-specific, preevent information. It provides a convenient framework for testing significance of preevent information variables, such as accounting attributes and lagged stock return. Simulations show that this model, when applied to both event and preevent period data, can decrease the incidence of bias in event studies. If restricted to only event period data, this model reduces to a truncated regression and does not perform as well as standard procedures.     

On the Use of the Log CAR Measure in Event Studies

Cross-sectional averages of log returns have been used to measure shareholder wealth effects in several event studies. No adequate explanation of the implied portfolio strategy has ever been provided in the literature. We argue that the method is biased or does not portray a realistic portfolio strategy. It should therefore be used with caution in the event-study' literature.     

课堂教学情绪调控

课堂情绪调控是一门教学艺术,其影响因素很多,可以通过教师自身的自控和对学生的他控,辅以学生的自控等进行调节,以提高教学效果,达到教学目的。     

以学生为中心的英语阅读教学设计

“以学生为中心”的教学理念受到广大教育者的一致赞誉。在英语阅读教学中进行“以学生为中心”的教学设计不仅是可行的,而且是必要的。基于阅读在英语学习中的重要作用,如何在英语阅读教学中切实做到“以学生为中心”,是我们应当继续思考和撰文的。通过具体案例分析,我们认为教学活动中,教师要有“放”有“收”,张驰有度,时刻保持学生自主学习的氛围。     

Financial Modernization in US Banking Markets: A Local or Global Event?

Abstract:   We test the hypothesis that the passage of the Financial Services Modernization Act (FSMA) of 1999 has spillover effects cross‐nationally, using a sample of US, non‐US transactional (Australian, Canadian, and UK), and relationship (German, Japanese, Dutch, and Swiss) banks. Our results suggest that financial modernization in the US has limited cross‐national effects. We find strong evidence that US banks were affected favorably. Although we detect some evidence of significant reactions by banks in certain countries, a closer examination reveals that the reaction is most likely attributable to events in the respective countries during the event period. We do find, however, that non‐US transactional banks have been more likely to elect financial holding company status compared to relationship banks, suggesting they are positioning themselves to exploit the expanded opportunity set created by the FSMA. Nonetheless, the majority of elections have been made by US banks. In general, the results suggest that the respective banking markets are efficient in filtering events that are largely country‐specific with only limited implications for other international banks.     

Event Risk: An Analysis of Losses to Bondholders and “Super Poison Put” Bond Covenants

Ten percent of the investment-grade industrial bonds that were associated with major capital restructurings between 1983 and 1988 had already been downgraded to speculative grade as of August 1989. In response to these downgrades, and the corresponding wealth losses for bondholders, over 40 percent of recently issued investment-grade industrial bonds are protected from this type of “event risk” by virtue of specialized covenants. These event-risk convenants may have initially reduced interest costs for borrowers by roughly 20 to 30 basis points. However, the magnitude of the effect appears to have declined along with the general decline in corporate restructurings.     

Introducing Enterprise Risk Management Into the University Classroom: A Case Study

This article reports on the challenges faced when enterprise risk management courses (commonly studied by practitioners after several years of actuarial practice) were introduced into a postgraduate coursework degree, and taught concurrently with Actuarial Control Cycle (Part II) units. A small sample of students were interviewed, and the information gleaned from these interviews combined with the reflections provided by teaching staff is used to argue that although not problem‐free, the overall gain to students makes the project worthwhile. Assessment structure and use of class time in particular are examined as key features of the class, and potential improvements are suggested.     

Detecting Abnormal Bid-Ask Spread: A Comparison of Event Study Methods

This study examines empirical issues associated with the use of bid-ask spreads in event studies. The simulation results indicate that the distribution of average standardized abnormal spread shows little deviation from normality. Simulation results also indicate that the widely used percent spread metric results in test statistics with low power. In contrast, use of a standardized raw spread metric and a simple mean-adjusted expectation model results in well specified and reasonably powerful Patell and Brown-Warner type test statistics. As the abnormal spread series is characterized by high first order serial correlation, it is important to adjust for this serial correlation when using multi-day event windows.