海南岛自然生态系统服务价值评估

以卫星遥感影像为基础,运用"3S"技术,解译并统计了海南岛陆地自然生态系统的类型和面积,利用生态经济相关理论基础,评估计算出年海南岛陆地自然生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2008年海南岛自然生态系统服务价值约2198×108元,是当年全省GDP的1.5倍;森林生态系统的服务价值占四类生态系统(森林、草地、湿地和淡水)服务价值的81.77%,单位面积价值量达3260×104元/km2;自然生态系统在维持营养物质循环、水调节、大气调节等方面的间接使用价值约2076×108元,是直接使用价值的17.0倍。研究首次建立了针对海南岛陆地生态系统服务价值全面的评估体系,并在评估方法上择优、改进,对海南岛自然生态系统服务价值监测体系的构建及深入研究具有重要意义。     

Ecosystem services value of wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake

Based on a comprehensive analysis on various classifications of natural resource values,this paper summarizes an ecological services system of constructed wetland（CW） ecosystems for the accounting of ecological economic value.With the research,the wetland ecosystem services can be classified into six categories,that is waste treatment,food and material production,water supply,gas regulations,disturbance and water regulations,habitat and refuge provision.For decision making in terms of environmental economics for wetland construction,ecosystem services value for the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort is accounted for 7,088,769 USD/yr through Environmental Economics Analysis.Ecosystem services value of waste treatment is 825,000 USD/yr,that of food and material production is 1,430 USD/yr,that of water supply is 4,752,000 USD/yr,that of gas regulation is 2,251USD/yr,that of disturbance and water regulations is 1,3721 USD/yr,and that of habitat and refuge provision value is 1,494,367 USD/yr.The ecosystem services values of a pilot constructed wetland in Suzhou are compared with those of other wetlands as a mean and of a typical human-interfered wetland in Wenzhou of China.Results show that in both finite and infinite time horizons considered,the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort has the largest services value.This paper analyzes all the probability that may weaken the value of the Suzhou Taihu Wetland in order to provide some advices for the wetland protection.     

生态系统服务与生态系统管理研究

生态系统管理的研究是当前生态学研究的热点,生态系统服务(包括生态服务功能的价值评估)是生态系统管理研究的重要部分。本文从笔者的研究实践提出了区域生态系统管理研究的四项主要内容,分析了生态系统服务在生态系统管理研究中的作用,同时阐述了笔者在生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究中的探索。     

Institutional dimensions of Payments for Ecosystem Services: An analysis of Mexico's carbon forestry programme

This article proposes a multi-dimensional framework for understanding the development and effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes, framed around the notions of institutional design, performance and interplay. The framework is applied in the context of Mexico's Programme of Payments for Carbon, Biodiversity and Agro-forestry Services (PSA-CABSA), with an emphasis on its carbon component. The analysis shows that PSA-CABSA was promoted by civil society and its rules have been subject to continuous modifications over time. In the case of the carbon component, changes have been due to an original misunderstanding of how carbon projects should be designed, implemented, and carbon traded in actual markets. From a performance point of view, the paper shows that the programme has been well received by rural communities, and carbon payments have contributed to increase household income and to enhance forest management practices and organisational skills. The paper also highlights sources of institutional interplay with local institutions and international climate policy, and it reveals the importance of capacity and scale issues in securing an effective and fair implementation of PES. The conclusion provides some policy recommendations for the future development of PES initiatives in Mexico and elsewhere.     

Shared wealth or nobody's land? The worth of natural capital and ecosystem services

The prerequisite for a sustainable and equitable use of common resources (the so-called Commons) must be the proper evaluation of their role within the complex network of relationships that ensure ecosystems functioning, resilience, and evolutionary dynamics. It is crucial to ascertain to what extent the common wealth is used for the common benefit. Money-based schemes for valuing the Commons, such as the so-called “willingness-to-pay”, provide a user-side evaluation perspective based on the idea that value only stems from utilization by humans. As a complement to such a point of view, we present and discuss in this paper a donor-side evaluation method (Emergy Synthesis) based on the idea that a proper measure of value can be achieved by also accounting for the work done by the biosphere in generating services and resources. It should not be disregarded that such resources and services also provide support to other species in the web of life. Emergy, a scientific measure of such environmental support, is suggested as a tool capable to assess quantity and quality of shared resources, thus providing a basis for their environmentally sound management.     

人力资本风险投资:一个人力资本持续投资的分析框架

市场经济条件下人力资本投资具有高风险性,如何促使人力资本各投资主体将更多的资本转移到人力资本投资领域并得以持续投资,显然需要一种新的理念,人力资本风险投资及其分析框架的构建是符合现阶段经济实际的一个重要命题假说。论文基于人力资本投资的不确定性和损失性,提出并界定人力资本风险投资概念,分析人力资本风险投资主体选择及其相互关系,着力构建人力资本风险投资周期及风险管理理论和技术模型,为人力资本投资风险分散提供一种新的分析框架。     

Arrangement for Capital Structure in the Framework of Corporate Governance

Using the method of principal component analysis, the paper conducts a systematic study on the issue of how corporate governance influences capital structure. The study manifests the results that the proportion of circulation shares, the ability that other big shareholders contend with the first biggest shareholder, the proportion of corporation-owned shares, and the frequency of directorate meetings all have a positive relationship with the liability level. Meanwhile, the concentration degree of owners＇ equity, the proportion of state-owned shares, the phenomenon that one person serves as both chairman of directorate and general manager, and the intensity of competition in product market are all negatively related to the level of debt. Finally, the scale of directorate, the proportion of independent directors as well as the percentage of management-owned shares have no significant relationship with the capital structure. The statistic analysis also shows that the proportion of independent directors of some Chinese listed companies does not meet the regulation of the CSRC. In addition, the paper tests the impacts of corporate operating characteristics on capital structure.     

区域生态系统服务价值评估方法与GIS表达

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学领域的研究热点,为解决生态系统对人类的重要性提供了量化参考。文章论述了国内外生态系统服务价值的评估方法,分别从静态评估、动态评估和GIS技术应用三大方面进行了归纳分析,提出今后应重点关注生态系统服务价值的时空动态模型开发、评价指标体系与评价方法的标准化制订和生态系统综合管理与应用等方面的研究。     

区域智力资本与区域创新能力的关系——一个理论分析框架

本文从理论上全面透彻分析了区域智力资本与区域创新能力之间的关系,运用组织智力资本理论将区域智力资本划分为三个要素（区域人力资本、区域关系资本和区域结构资本）,并分别从三个方面逯一分析研究了它们各自与区域创新能力之间的关系．从而诠释了区域智力资本与区域创新能力之间相互促进、相辅相成的依赖关系。通过研究认为,区域人力资本与区域创新能力之间是一种双向互动关系,区域关系资本与区域创新能力之间存在着双向作用关系,区域创新能力和区域结构资本之间是一种相互依赖、互为因果、共同进化的“互动”因果关系。     

Natural capital and quality of life: a model for evaluating the sustainability of alternative regional development paths

Natural capital contributes to the quality of life of a region in two complementary ways: first, by directly providing environmental services that cannot be imported, and second, by supplying the natural resources that, through a human controlled production process, become valuable to humans. The evolution of the combination of these two components of the quality of life determines the path of development a region takes. Environmental services also determine the ability of natural capital to regenerate itself. Ecosystems and other components of the regional natural capital produce environmental services that provide life-support functions necessary for natural capital reproduction. The destruction of this critical natural capital impairs the internal sources of improvement of the quality of life of a region, leading to a non-sustainable path of development. This article describes a model of the relationship between natural capital and quality of life that provides a stricter definition of sustainable development through explicit characterization and classification of natural capital according to its ability to produce life-supporting environmental services, by its substitutability, and by its possible reconstruction. Application of this model then shows that there are 51 possible regional development paths, only 32 of which are sustainable and only 14 of which are sustainable while also providing improvements in quality of life. Only six of these 14 sustainable development paths are attained with economic growth, however, while the other eight paths increase quality of life by increasing the production of environmental services. The model could help in the development of institutional interventions that would promote regional development paths that are sustainable.     

新疆生态服务价值功能估算与分析

了解和研究生态系统服务功能价值是保证新疆生态安全与实现新疆可持续发展的基础。本文根据新疆1989年、1996年、1999年和2003年的土地利用变化情况,评价了新疆生态系统服务功能价值及其变化,并对变化原因做了分析。     

Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits

Crop and rangelands are over 25% of the Earth's land area, and they are expanding. Agricultural ecosystems rely on a suite of supporting ecosystem services to provide food, fiber and fuel as well as a range of accompanying but non-marketed ecosystem services (ES). Ecosystem services from agriculture include regulation of water and climate systems, aesthetic and cultural services, as well as enhanced supporting services (such as soil fertility). Many of these ES are appreciated by people, but they lack markets, so they lack the incentives for provision that come with prices. For public policy decisions to take them into account, non-market valuation techniques are needed, such as travel cost, contingent valuation, hedonic valuation, and cost-based or factor-income approaches. This article offers an overview of ES from agriculture and non-market valuation methods as it introduces the articles in this special section on “Ecosystem Services and Agriculture.” Understanding how ecological functions generate ES is fundamental to management, but so too is understanding how humans perceive and value those services. Research is required both to design cost-effective incentives to provide ES and to measure which kinds of ES could provide the greatest overall welfare benefits to society. Agricultural ecosystems offer newly recognized potential to deliver more diverse ecosystem services and mitigate the level of past ecosystem disservices. This special section of Ecological Economics conveys both how these are becoming possible and the challenges to science and public policy design of turning that potential into reality.     

风险投资环境的描述框架及我国风险投资环境分析

从影响风险投资环境的因素分析入手,依据给出的分析框架从科技与产业基础、技术与资本市场、基础性环境三个方面对我国风险投资环境状况进行了分析并提出了相关对策建议。从总体情况看,我国风险投资环境与发达国家相比虽然有一定差异,但快速发展风险投资的环境条件已基本具备。     

Distributional Issues in Natural Capital Accounting: An Application to Land Ownership and Ecosystem Services in Scotland

Environmental and Resource Economics - Accounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how...     

Economies, Human Capital, and Natural Assets

Human capital concerns are used to structure links between the economy and the environment. Suggestions for empirical work to explore these structures are provided. Particular attention is devoted to connections between environmental hazards and influences upon parents’ decisions to invest in forming children's human capital.     

智力资本披露的动机及框架研究

智力资本是组织重要的价值驱动器,智力资本报告不仅可以向外界传递公司的知识战略,降低信息不对称,同时还是一种有效的内部管理工具,能帮助公司更好地认识和管理自己的知识资源,从而创造更高的价值。首先介绍了公司披露智力资本的动机,进而从战略管理的角度总结了智力资本披露的框架。     

青海湖流域生态系统服务功能与价值评估

在中国生态系统服务价值基准单价的基础上,通过生物量等因子的订正,构建了青海湖流域的生态服务功能单价表,并在此基础上对青海湖流域的生态服务价值进行了评价。结果显示:青海湖流域2007年的生态系统服务功能总价值为340.88×108元。生态服务价值从大到小为:水体>草地>湿地>灌丛>农田>荒漠,其中,废物处理功能贡献最大,原材料生产功能贡献最小。研究对青海湖流域生态环境安全和区域可持续发展具有重要的理论指导和现实意义。     

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Under a New Framework: The Role of Social Capital in Water Pollution

We advance a case for including social capital in an environmental Kuznets curve analysis using highly disaggregated data of water pollution in Louisiana. We create a social capital index and employ parametric and spatial panel regression models to explain water pollution dynamics.