Dividend Taxes and Share Prices: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

Prior empirical evidence regarding the impact of dividend taxes on firm valuation is mixed. This study avoids some of the complications encountered in previous empirical work by exploiting institutional characteristics of REITs, such as their limited discretion over dividend policy and the relative transparency of REIT assets. We regress the market value of equity on the market value of assets and tax basis, which creates tax deductions that lower future dividend taxes without affecting future pretax cash flow. We find that firm value is positively related to tax basis, suggesting that future dividend taxes are capitalized into share prices.     

Financial Leverage,CEO Compensation,and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper studies the determinants of corporate hedging practices in the REIT industry between 1999 and 2001. We find a positive significant relation between hedging and financial leverage, indicating the financial distress costs motive for using derivatives in the REIT industry. Using estimates of the Black–Scholes sensitivity of CEO’s stock option portfolios to stock return volatility and the sensitivity of CEO’s stock and stock option portfolios to stock price, we find evidence to support managerial risk aversion motive for corporate hedging in the REIT industry. Our results indicate that CEO’s cash compensation and the CEO’s wealth sensitivity to stock return volatility are significant determinants of derivative use in REITs. We also document a significant positive relation between institutional ownership and hedging activity. Further, we find that probability of hedging is related to economies of scale in hedging costs.

Optimal Leverage in Real Estate Investment

This article is a theoretical examination of optimal financial leverage for real estate investment in the presence of uncertainty. The main result shows that uncertainty creates the possibility that a borrower will default on a real estate loan and that this possibility is the underlying factor in optimal leverage calculations for both borrower and lender.     

制造业企业房地产投资与企业杠杆率

摘 要：21世纪以来,中国制造业企业进行房地产投资是其“多元化”投资战略的主 要形式之一。本文利用2010-2020年中国 A 股上市制造业企业数据,研究了制造业企业 房地产投资对企业杠杆率的影响,发现制造业企业房地产投资能够提升企业杠杆率。机 制分析表明,制造业企业房地产投资通过发挥挤压效应和抵押效应进而提高企业杠杆率。 制造业企业房地产投资对企业杠杆率的提升作用在非国有企业和小企业中更显著。在区 分长期杠杆率和短期杠杆率后,制造业企业房地产投资对企业杠杆率的提升作用表现在 长期杠杆率方面,同时该提升作用显著提高了企业的财务风险。本文提出企业应当加大 研发创新,促进自身高质量发展;政府监管部门完善系列政策避免制造业企业盲目进行房地产投资而导致“企业空心化”。     

基于门限模型的房地产行业财务杠杆效应分析

本文采用沪深两市A股上市房企的面板数据,建立一个房地产行业财务杠杆效应的门限模型,实证分析了房地产行业的财务杠杆效应。结果表明,房地产行业财务杠杆效应确实是一种门限效应,其具体表现为:在负债水平不断上升的情况下,房地产行业财务杠杆效应也在不断升级,显示出J型曲线攀升的态势;债务利息I对房企净资产收益率ROE的影响也是显著的,但与ROE呈负相关。文末根据研究结论提出消除地方政府土地财政现象、调整大型房企发展策略、审慎规划房企债务筹资、加强房地产市场调控的政策建议。     

货币需求的投机性动机还是预防性储蓄：来自房地产行业的证据

从公司货币需求的视角考察货币政策对房地产市场的影响,为货币政策的有效性提供了微观的研究视角。基于凯恩斯的流动性偏好理论和现金持有的权衡理论分析发现,公司的货币需求与货币供给的关系,随不同的动机而不同。实证的结果发现,房地产公司货币需求更多的体现了投机性动机。因此,针对货币政策对房地产公司影响的复杂性,必须与其它调控措施更加紧密的协调以形成合力,才能对房地产市场实施有效管理。     

信贷与资产价格关系研究——来自中国房地产市场的证据

货币政策与资产价格之间的关系一直以来都是学术界研究的重点,但从房地产信贷视角分析房地产价格的文献却相对较少。本文基于多元MGARCH—BEKK模型和GRACH均值方程模型分析了房地产信贷、货币供应量与房地产价格的波动相关性以及它们的各种波动对房地产价格的影响。研究发现,房地产信贷增长的波动能影响房地产价格的增长,而货币供应量的波动,对房地产价格增长影响不显著。同时实证分析显示在对房价的调控中,房地产信贷的调控是抑制房价波动的一个工具选项。以银行信贷为主的货币供应量已经不能全面反映社会的流动性状况。与货币供应量相比,社会融资总量指标与实体经济指标的联系更加紧密。     

财务杠杆在房地产业的应用

我国房地产企业是典型的资金密集型和高资产负债率企业。鉴于房地产业在国民经济中的重要地位,其上市公司的财务健康与否也必然是备受市场各利益主体的关注。目前,由于多轮宏观调控政策的影响,财务风险隐患己成为国内很多房地产公司生存发展所迫切需要解决的问题。因此房地产企业在快速增长过程中,如何合理利用财务杠杆增加企业收益,同时保持适宜的负债率以降低资本成本,减少财务风险确保企业的可持续增长为众多房地产企业所面临的重要问题。     

Underwriting Limits and Optimal Leverage in Commercial Real Estate

The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics - Risk-averse commercial mortgage lenders follow an underwriting policy with strict limits based on the property’s value and cash flow. A...     

Liquidity and Liquidation: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study provides evidence that highly leveraged owner-managed properties liquidated assets during the commercial real estate decline of the late 1980s, and that this provided buying opportunities for better capitalized buyers. The analysis documents significant financial distress costs for highly leveraged firms during an industry-wide downturn and shows that these costs are particularly large for owner-managed firms.     

Information Producers and Valuation: Evidence from Real Estate Markets

This paper examines valuation and its relation to information production by licensed appraisers across real estate markets. The testable implications are discussed for either a peer monitoring or a crowding out effect in the data. The empirical model is estimated with data for all 50 US states and DC covering the sample period from 1999 to 2008. While analysis is primarily cross-sectional and not causal, the evidence is consistent with theory stating that the minimum quality associated with residential licensure standards may be too low. In contrast, the evidence suggests certified residential standards afford information producers the opportunity to signal or information consumers the ability to screen based on quality.     

Confronting Information Asymmetries: Evidence from Real Estate Markets

There are relatively few direct tests of the economic effectsof asymmetric information because of the difficulty in identifyingexogenous information measures. We propose a novel exogenousmeasure of information based on the quality of property taxassessments in different regions and apply this to the U.S.commercial real estate market. We find strong evidence thatinformation considerations are significant. Market participantsresolve information asymmetries by purchasing nearby properties,trading properties with long income histories, and avoidingtransactions with informed professional brokers. The evidencethat the choice of financing is used to address informationconcerns is mixed and weak.     

房地产市场、人口结构与居民杠杆率——基于省际动态面板数据

本文基于31个省份2007～2017年的动态面板数据,采用系统GMM估计方法研究我国居民杠杆率快速上升的影响因素。实证结果表明,住房价格、住房需求与居民杠杆率存在较强的正相关关系,同时随着人口老龄化加剧,居民杠杆率也将进一步上升。因此,维护房地产市场的稳定和缓解人口老龄化负面影响,对遏制居民杠杆率的快速上升至关重要。     

Housing Prices and Maturing Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Uganda

Uganda, a less developed but rapidly growing East African nation, continues to correct the economic mismanagement of past governments. One important legacy of this mismanagement is the Land Decree of 1975, issued by then President Idi Amin Dada. This decree nationalized all land and made illegal all private real estate market transactions. This paper uses a rich, but little known, dataset to show that real estate markets appear to have continued operating reasonably efficiently in spite of the 1975 Decree. The Land Act of 1998 repealed the 1975 Decree. Our results suggest the recent Act has a high likelihood of success because its primary goal is to codify guarantees of security, transparency, and enforceable property rights in private real estate markets that appear to already exist.     

房地产信贷与房地产业发展问题研究——以驻马店为例

房地产业呈现迅猛发展势头,需要大量的银行信贷为其提供资金来源.驻马店市房地产信贷发展迅速,但也存在着银行信贷方式单一、手续复杂、居民收入低、消费观念落后等一些不利因素制约着房地产信贷进一步发展,应从法制、银行、消费观念及居民收入改善等环节入手消除障碍.     

Fair Value Exposure,Changes in Fair Value and Audit Fees: Evidence from the Australian Real Estate Industry

This paper investigates the relationship between audit fees and both fair value exposure and changes in fair value of investment properties. The study is motivated by the limited and inconclusive evidence on the effect on audit fees of full fair value reporting for illiquid assets. Using hand‐collected data from the Australian real estate industry, we find a negative (positive) association between audit fees and fair value exposure (changes in fair value of investment properties). Our findings also indicate that the use of unobservable inputs in fair value estimates for investment properties does not significantly increase audit risk and audit fees. Further, we find that audit fees are higher for firms with fair values of investment – properties estimated by external and mixed valuers – compared to firms with fair values estimated by directors alone. This study enriches the audit fee literature by documenting auditors’ pricing decisions in an area that involves significant estimation and valuation risks.     

Determinants of Foreign Versus Domestic Real Estate Investment: Property Level Evidence from Listed Real Estate Investment Firms

We examine the determinants of foreign real estate investment relative to the domestic case using the portfolios of a large sample of publicly traded real estate investment companies; where foreign investment is defined as the property owner headquarters being located in a different country than a given asset. The cross-sectional results provide strong evidence that real estate firms are more likely to take a smaller stake in larger assets when investing abroad. The penchant for large assets holds when controlling for economic activity, real estate investment opportunities, depth and sophistication of the capital markets, investor protection and the legal framework, administrative burdens and regulatory limitations, and the socio-cultural and political environment at both the property nation and headquarter nation levels. In general, foreign ownership is less likely with industrial, office, retail, and self-storage properties. Capital market development is consistently negatively related to foreign investment.     

Insider Ownership and Firm Value: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

Real estate investment trust (REIT) provides a unique laboratory to study the relation between insider ownership and firm value. One, a REIT has to satisfy special regulations which weaken alternative mechanisms to control agency problems. Empirically, I find a significant and robust nonlinear relation between Tobin's Q and REIT insider ownership that is consistent with the trade-off between the incentive alignment and the entrenchment effect of insider ownership. Two, many REITs are Umbrella Partnership REITs (UPREITs) which have dual ownership structure. They have both common shares and Operating Partnership Units (OP units). Property owners can contribute their properties to the UPREIT in exchange for OP units. Their capital gains taxes remain deferred as long as they hold onto their OP units and the UPREIT does not sell the properties they contributed. OP units owners are locked in with the firm and have incentive to monitor firm management, but their interests diverge from the common shareholders because their tax bases are much lower. Consistent with the trade-off between positive monitoring effect of OP units and tax-induced agency costs, I find that UPREIT's firm value increases with the fraction of OP units, but the effect is significantly weaker for the UPREITs where insiders hold OP units.     

Corporate Real Estate Sale and Leaseback Effect: Empirical Evidence from Europe

Corporate real estate disposals have increased in Europe during the past few years. In this research paper, we study market reactions of publicly traded European companies' real estate sale and leaseback announcements during 1998–2004. This study is one of the first ones to study the sale and leaseback impact on corporate value with a pan‐European data. We find that the sale and leaseback announcements have on average positive impact to firm's value which is in line with the previous studies. However, we also find that the positive effect is mainly caused by the deals with high transaction value to company market value ratio. Smaller transactions do not create on average any abnormal returns. Our results support the hypothesis that the positive sale and leaseback announcement effect is a consequence of revealed hidden value of the company's assets. Thus, sale and leaseback can also be seen as a mechanism for revealing the hidden value of company's assets to the market.     

Liquidity Risk of Private Assets: Evidence from Real Estate Markets

Investment in thinly traded private assets involves liquidity risk. Existing literature provides limited guidance as it mainly focuses on publicly traded security assets such as stocks and bonds. This paper develops an analytical tool for quantifying liquidity risk of private assets. Using commercial real estate as a model asset and under reasonable assumptions, we find that the magnitude of liquidity risk is too large to be ignored, especially in down markets when liquidity risk is a great concern.