产品责任主体之比较研究

我国法律对产品责任主体的规定很不明确。《产品质量法》规定“受害人”为产品责任的权利主体,“生产者、销售者”为产品责任的义务主体,但没有对“受害人”、“生产者”和“销售者”的范围具体地界定,这对于保护缺陷产品的受害者是很不利的。应完善我国在产品责任法对产品责任主体制度方面的法律缺陷,明确产品责任的权利主体与义务主体。     

论销售者产品责任抗辩事由--以《产品质量法》第41条3项抗辩事由为视角

销售者是否有权提起《产品质量法》第41条3项抗辩事由取决于裁决者采纳何种产品责任体系。学界对该法及《侵权责任法》第41－43条存在不同理解,但产品责任立法史及其发展趋势、条文措辞都表明,第41、42条作为经营者承担产品责任依据、第43条作为追偿依据的合理性。3项抗辩事由之来源、销售者不应比生产者承担更大风险的理念,以及我国产品责任是抗辩事由来源与产品责任主体的矛盾嫁接,使销售者提起该些抗辩事由具有合理性。基于不合理产品责任体系的否定说实质是绝对产品责任,它既不符合当下各国产品责任的发展潮流,也不符合利益平衡理论。     

浅谈产品责任诉讼成立的条件

浅谈产品责任诉讼成立的条件李艳岩，傅林随着社会生产的发展，产品技术水平的提高、产品种类不断增加，产品使用方法也越来越复杂，致使消费者受到缺陷产品损害事件日益增多。为了保护消费者的利益，鞭策生产者、销售者提供质量合格的产品，各国纷纷建立起产品责任法律制...     

产品责任损害赔偿范围研究

产品缺陷致人损害,受害人有权向生产者或销售者主张赔偿,或要求他们共同承担产品损害赔偿责任。首先需要对产品存在缺陷与否进行认定,这是产品责任内的先决条件;其次在确定产品责任赔偿主体时,应适当考虑受害方是否存在过错,以最终确定赔偿方的责任承担;最后损害赔偿的范围应以受害人的合理损失为限,充分考虑各方利益衡量。     

试论产品责任的归责原则

产品责任归责原则是确定生产者和销售者民事责任的依据和标准.我国现行有关产品责任的法律根据生产者和销售者的不同地位,分别实行严格责任和过错责任、过错推定责任原则,以及两者之间的替代责任原则.根据实践中产品责任侵权现象出现的新情况,为顺应时代潮流,在我国产品责任相关立法中,应把严格责任明确规定为产品责任的归责原则,并进一步加以完善.     

网络搜索引擎服务所涉侵犯著作权责任的分析

搜索侵权责任的抗辩事由可以借鉴美国等发达国家的做法.搜索服务侵权对外承担连带责任,对内依据过错程度和对损害所起的原因力的大小来确定责任大小.解决搜索侵权问题需要注意实现著作权保护的利益平衡.     

论产品的发展风险

产品责任制度是保护消费者权益并为企业发展提供良好环境的制度。文章对各国产品责任法中的发展风险及抗辩的争论进行论述,对发展风险抗辩的运用的因素和科学技术水平的认定进行分析,对完善我国产品责任制度具有借鉴作用。     

产品责任法上的精神损害赔偿问题分析

产品责任作为一个出现于工业时代的法律问题,已经在各国法律体系中逐渐成为相对独立的法律领域。通过对美国、欧洲及亚洲国家和地区产品责任法的精神损害赔偿制度的比较考察,可以发现,发达国家普遍采取较倾向于产品责任受害人及其亲属的,相对完备的损害赔偿制度设计,普遍认可缺陷产品侵权的精神损害赔偿和不同程度的惩罚性赔偿,就我国而言,现行产品质量管理法律和司法解释对于产品责任受害人精神损害赔偿请求权的保护都存在一定的欠缺。所以应尽快制定专门的《产品责任法》,采取限幅数额的办法,明确产品责任精神损害赔偿的大体数额,以切实保护产品责任受害人的人身、财产及精神权利。     

我国未成年人侵权责任立法的完善

未成年人作为一个弱势群体,历来得到社会的普遍关注。相关法律规定未成年人作为独立的民事主体,应当负有适格的民事责任能力,这也是出于保护被侵害人利益出发而作出的规定。我国立法对于未成年人侵权行为的构成要件和责任承担都规定的不够完善。针对未成年人侵权责任归责问题和费用承担问题,在对国外立法例考察分析的基础上,从保护未成年人和被害人利益出发,认为我国对未成年人侵权的构成要件的规定上要包含识别能力要件,在监护人责任承担的归责原则应采用过错推定责任原则。确实保护未成年人的健康成长和发展,从而实现保护受害人合法权益与保障未成年人健康成长两者之间的平衡。     

完善我国产品责任法律制度的建议

建立和完善我国的产品责任法律制度,一则有利于促进生产者改善产品质量,维护广大消费者的利益,二则有利于增强我国产品在国际上的竞争力,适应国际市场竞争的需要。本文通过对国外先进的立法经验的论述,以期对我国法律的完善能有所借鉴,从而促进企业产品质量的提高,同时也提高我国产品的国际竞争力。     

The Environmental Commitment of Consumer Organizations in Denmark, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and Belgium

Consumer organizations have traditionally been concerned with protecting, informing, and educating the "weak" consumers. These policies were deemed necessary because of the unequal power balance and conflicts of interests between consumers and producers. Since there are also conflicts between the interests of nature on the one hand, and consumers and producers on the other, this article discusses the rationale of consumer organizations' involvement in environmental issues while considering their original objectives. More specifically, it is aimed at identifying the commitment of several European consumer organizations with respect to environmental issues during the past two decades in order to assess whether and how environmental issues are internalized in consumer policy across time.     

农产品价值链中市场信息不对称性问题探讨

中国农产品市场信息不对称是造成农业资源配置低效率,农产品生产波动性大,农民经济利益和消费者利益难以维护的主要原因之一,同时也导致农产品价值链上各主体难以形成利益共生体,使整个产业缺乏市场竞争力。农产品市场信息不对称的主要表现在农产品生产者与消费者之间、与政府之间、与其价值链上利益相关者之间的信息不对称,国内农产品市场与国际农产品市场的信息不对称。     

我国行政诉讼范围浅析

我国《行政诉讼法》规定的行政诉讼范围十分有限,不利于保护公民的切身利益。正确界定和完善行政诉讼范围,尤其是应将因教育行政管理机关、公安机关的行为以及行使特定职权而引起的纠纷纳入行政诉讼范围。采用概括和列举排列方式加以规定,取消关于人身权和财产权的限制,使所有侵犯相对人合法权益的行政行为均纳入行政诉讼范围,从而保证相对人的各种合法权益不受侵犯。     

EC Competition Law After Modernisation: More than Ever in the Interest of Consumers

In this paper it is argued that even though the consumer cannot (anymore) be reduced to a homo oeconomicus, competition law is the cornerstone of consumer law and that the decentralised application of EC competition law since 1 May 2004 (pursuant to Regulation 1/2003) gives new opportunities for an effective application of the EC competition rules to the benefit of consumers. While the EC Treaty (and the future Constitution for Europe) aim to protect consumers in the framework of the internal market programme, as well as on the basis of a genuine consumer protection policy, it is submitted that an effective competition policy remains crucial for consumers in a market economy. Consumer interests are generally diffuse and therefore difficult to protect via legal procedures. Nevertheless a further development of remedies which are already available in Community law (nullity of restrictive agreements, claims for damages, actions for a cease and desist order, and so on) will contribute to an increased application of the competition rules in the interest of consumers.     

视频合同 看上去很美

<正>不久前,北京市某经营红木家具卖场推出了视频合同,这一举措引起了不少消费者的关注。据卖场负责人介绍,消费者如果在该店看中某款红木家具,可以通过商家提供的摄像机将该款家具的材质、款式、颜色花纹及销售人员把商品的介绍都录下来,并当场制成光盘由买卖双方共同签字确认,并各执一份。如果购买后发现家具质量与当时商家介绍的不符,消费者可以根据视频合同要求赔偿。     

Consumer protection in Switzerland: Strengthening countervailing power or competition?

Intervention by pressure groups overshadows the discussion of the extension and revision of legislation in the field of competition. The result is increasing codification of political interpretations of the rules underlying a market oriented economy. This tendency is not only illustrated by the draft law on the monitoring of prices but also by the one on consumer protection. In both cases, two guiding principles are at stake, namely the strengthening of rules of competition and the improvement of the position of consumers. The article emphasizes the economic implications of these two principles and shows how difficult it is to reconcile them in the new law. Measures designed to provide more transparent market structures may have adverse effects. Measures designed to reinforce the position of consumers create imperfect conditions on the demand side. In both cases it is unclear how their explicit and social costs will be divided between producers and consumers and what will be their impact on prices.     

食品安全之私法救济机制的完善

有鉴于食品安全事件近年来愈演愈烈的现状,本文深入探讨了食品安全的私法救济机制,即通过消费者提起民事诉讼获得赔偿的方法。目前,在诸多防止食品安全的机制中,私法救济机制被忽视了,然而其作用恰恰是最为重要的,私法救济机制可使受到损害的消费者获得充分的救济,剥夺不法厂商通过生产不安全食品而获得的不法收益。因此,应充分利用侵权责任法中的惩罚性损害赔偿制度,发挥公司法中的法人人格否认制度的功能,让控股股东承担连带责任,同时让食品生产企业的董事、监事、经理等高级管理人员承担连带责任。     

Zielsetzungen und Instrumentarien der europäischen Verbraucherrechtspolitik: Eine Analyse von Entwicklungen im Bereich des Zivilrechts

Objectives and instruments of European consumer policy: An analysis of developments in the area of civil law. The paper discusses the relationships and conflicts between the objectives pursued by European consumer policy and the means which are at its disposal. As a first step, the theoretical assumptions of this policy are analysed by an evaluation of the EC Programme for a Consumer Protection and Information Policy of 1975 and of the draft directives on product liability, on misleading and unfair competition, on doorstep sales, and on correspondence courses. It is suggested that the European approach toward consumer protection largely corresponds to the policies prevailing at the national level: Consumer protection is seen as a supplement to the traditional market and competition policy which used to be restricted to regulating competition between producers or suppliers of goods and services, whereas the new policy focuses on the relations between producers and consumers. Nevertheless, consumer policy adheres to the basic presumptions of market economy. It presupposes that the demands of the consumer have to be articulated and satisfied via market processes. It therefore primarily relies on regulations directed against misleading advertising, on protecting justified expectations as to the quality of goods or services by providing redress for losses sustained, and by endeavours aimed at securing a more rational behaviour of the individual consumer. The most important means to promote this policy on the European level are the directives which aim at consonance among national laws (Art. 100 EC Treaty). This is indicative of a market orientation of consumer policy in so far as the harmonization of law is seen as a device for overcoming discriminating effects or distortions of competition created by the differences among national laws thereby furthering a better functioning of the Common Market (Art. 3 h EC Treaty). This accordance of consumer policy and harmonization policy does not rest on firm ground, however. In consumer policy it becomes more and more obvious that the efforts to protect the interests of the consumer lead to further interventionist activities. This process also reveals the need for systematic adjustments or consultations between consumer policy and other fields of politics. A harmonization policy which is primarily centered on breaking down trade barriers and on overcoming discriminating effects of competition cannot respond to the needs and problems of such interventionist activities. Therefore, the harmonization of consumer law should be conceived as a process of formulating broader policies directed at a congruous development of the economic sphere and at an improvement of the living conditions in the Common Market (cf. Art. 2 and the preamble of the EC Treaty). Legal techniques which might be adopted to support such an orientation are (a) in the EC directives to lay down minimum standards for the national legislation, (b) to use a conflict-of-laws approach which would allow to respect and try to coordinate legitimate interests in the application of national consumer policies, and (c) the development of special rules responding to the international aspects of the exchange between producers and consumers. At present, however, European policy gives hardly any attention to the chances and problems of such an approach requiring a complicated coordination of the various legal techniques.     

共享服务系统体验价值共创行为的影响因素

由于共享经济的发展和信息技术的进步,共享服务系统中的共创行为变得越来越容易实现,消费者与企业协作共创价值成为新的发展趋势。在消费者需求和共享行为都不断变化的情况下,如果共享服务供应商不清楚何种因素能够加速消费者价值共创行为的生成,则会影响共创价值实现。基于服务主导逻辑的理论,构建共享服务系统体验价值共创行为及其影响因素的理论模型。依据收集的450份有效问卷,对数据进行分析后发现,共享服务系统中感知利益、感知信任和社会可持续性通过互动协作(价值共创过程)对顾客体验价值产生影响,顾客体验价值对顾客的价值共创行为意向产生影响。研究结果表明,顾客参与共创动机中的效益动机和信任动机显著正向影响互动协作,互动协作显著正向影响体验价值和共创行为意向,而体验价值在互动协作和共创行为意向之间起到显著部分中介作用。共享服务提供方和产品制造方应多从顾客视角考虑其效益需求和信任需求,定位顾客需求和偏好,提供更有吸引力和说服力的商品与服务,使顾客感知到更多的收益,并形成较高信任度;提升与顾客的互动水平,建立顾客对服务方的好感,激发顾客更多的主动交互行为、参与行为和个人创新行为;重视资源的整合、分配和调动,实行以顾客驱动为核心的开放创新模式;招募优质用户,通过倾听和观察了解其价值主张,促进价值共创行为的生成,改善共享服务系统的整体服务质量。     

Die Verbraucheransprüche und ihre Geltendmachung durch Verbraucherverbände nach der UWG-Novelle

According to West German civil law, consumers who have become victims of false or misleading competition have only limited rights with regard to compensation and withdrawal — this is a predominant opinion in the FRG. For this reason the Federal Government plans to amend the Law on Unfair Competition, with the intention of strengthening consumer protection. The bill was formulated by government experts but experienced several restrictions even before parliament discussions began. The author argues that the government bill will not reach its originally intended purposes. It does not assume that unfair competition in itself leads to the making of a contract. Instead the consumer has to prove that a specific instance of advertising was the (only) reason for the completion of a transaction. This condition will make the new law ineffective. According to the bill the consumer himself has the burden of proving the falsehood of advertising; only in this case is he allowed to demand the difference between the real value of an article and that value advertising has promised. This is a very dubious condition of the bill. The second part of the article deals with the rules specifying the right of consumer associations to sue. They must be seen as an impediment to the activities of the associations. The introduction of registration procedures will cause them additional costs. In the third part, the author maintains that support of consumer associations is unavoidable for an effective strengthening of consumer interests. As everyone knows, it is not easy to approach courts, especially for lower class people. It should be the task of public consumer policies to make consumer associations attractive to these groups, and to supply them with juridical and material possibilities. The bill is not able to contribute to these purposes; in some parts it blocks effective work in the interests of consumers.