Assigning television commercial videotapes to time slots under alternative message spacing policies

A number of studies in the psychological and marketing literature have focused on the effects of message spacing on consumer memory and judgement. The importance of message spacing has also been exemplified by a crucial scheduling problem in the broadcast television industry that requires the assignment of multiple airings of commercial videotapes to purchased slots of air time. Existing models for this problem are restricted to the case of equal spacing of successive airings in terms of slot position. In light of the fact that equal spacing of messages is not necessarily the best course of action in all situations, we present an alternative model that enables greater flexibility with respect to the spacing of commercial messages. For example, the model allows for equal temporal spacing of commercials in addition to equal spacing in terms of slot position. More importantly, the model permits spacing options that allow for pulsing strategies associated with well-separated bursts of commercial airings, as well as the consideration of spacing decisions when commercials have different durations. We demonstrate a heuristic for solving the scheduling problem under various message spacing policies. We believe that our model, which is effective and adaptable, has considerable promise for practical scheduling problems as well as subsequent experimental research.     

Consumer Response to Telecommunications Deregulation: The Equal Access Decision

This paper examines consumer response to equal access-the choice of a primary long-distance carrier. A model is developed that suggests that those consumers who seek information to aid in decision making may acquire it either through search or experience. The paper reports results of a survey of consumers who recently made the equal access decision. Logit analysis identified search in other purchase decisions and age as two characteristics significantly related to the extent of prepurchase search.     

Simulated Negotiations in the Hiring of a Salesforce Manager: Tests of Two-Person Bargaining Solutions

This paper examines the ability to predict bargaining outcomes consistent with Nash, Kalai-Smorodinsky, and Gupta-Livne bargaining models as well as two heuristic solutions based on interpersonal (cardinal) comparisons of utility. Equal earning and equal loss solutions are developed from bargainers' multi-attribute utility functions. An experimental test of these bargaining solutions is conducted for simulated negotiations between a representative of sales force management and a representative of sales force employees over the hire of a regional sales manager. Results show that proportional (Kalai-Smorodinsky) solutions are generally more likely when bargaining is conducted in attribute space, and equal loss solutions are more likely in utility space.     

市场化条件下的妇女就业及其劳动权益保护——对上海非公有制企业女工的调查

根据复旦大学人口研究所2002年的调查资料,介绍上海市非公有制企业女工的工资报酬、她们所享有的一般劳动权益和特殊劳动保护权益.在市场化条件下,现有的法律和法规对妇女劳动权益的保护作用呈现减弱的趋势.呼吁全社会在关心妇女就业的同时,必须以极大的热情关注妇女劳动权益的保护.     

住宅价格长期稳定上涨的理论界限

在“住宅零空关”假设下,住宅的理论租金和理论价格均由宏观经济发展水平和住宅存量共同决定。合理的住宅租金上涨率等于国民收入增长率减住宅存量增长率。合理的住宅价格增长率则等于市场贴现率减去该时点住宅理论租金与住宅理论价格之比率,超过这个界限的住宅价格上涨均被看作含有泡沫成分。     

基于等效益面生产函数的经济增长成因分析

一个评价单元的等效益面生产函数是这个单元的技术效率与前沿面生产函数之积。来自于投入要素以外的经济增长(泛全要素生产率变化率)就是等效益面生产函数的相对垂直移动。由此,可将一个评价单元的泛全要素生产率变化率分解为四个驱动力的代数和。这四个驱动力分别是:技术进步、技术效率的改善、偏生产率的变化和规模效应。基于等效益面生产函数上的这个代数分解式既能解释经济增长的原因,又具有明确的几何意义,从而为进一步测算各驱动力对经济增长的贡献率奠定了理论基础。     

包容性增长:基于相对贫困视角下的探析

包容性增长致力于解决相对贫困的三个维度,即收入不平等、人的发展和人的脆弱性问题,与此相对应,包容性增长的内涵也可概括为可持续的与平等的增长、社会包容和赋予权能及安全。包容性增长在中国实现的三个关键因素是,坚持公有制的主体地位,不断完善市场机制,坚持以人为本。第一,坚持公有制的主体地位,实行初次分配改革,提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重;第二,完善社会主义市场经济体制,使国民待遇逐步趋同;第三,以人本发展观取代物本发展观,加强发展中对人的关注,提高人的发展水平,保障人的安全。     

Lending technologies,lending specialization,and minority access to small-business loans

We investigate minority access to small-business loans using a probit model of loan application denial that recognizes two loan types (line-of-credit loans and non-line-of-credit loans) made by two lender types (commercial banks and nonbank financial institutions). We estimate our model on data from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances. We find evidence consistent with minority equal access to bank credit lines and nonbank non-line-of-credit loans in highly competitive loan markets; in less competitive markets we find evidence consistent with unequal access to these loans. We also find evidence consistent with unequal minority access to bank non-line-of-credit loans, regardless of loan market competitiveness. Our findings differ from previous research which treats small-business loans as a homogenous product and finds evidence consistent with unequal minority access to small-business loans generally. We argue that the existence of multiple small-business lending technologies and loan specialization by lenders account for our findings and demonstrate the need to treat small-business loans as a heterogeneous product when investigating equal access to small-business credit.     

论环境税在GATT第3条中的法律地位——基于“平等对待条款”解释的视角

由于环境税会影响一国的产业竞争力,所以采取环境税的国家通常会在相关立法中制定涉外条款来保护本国产业。从GATT/WTO争端解决机制对GATT第3条"平等对待条款"的解释来看,GATT/WTO争端解决机制倾向于限制各国的环境规制自由,环境保护作为"平等对待条款"免除对象的可能性不大,环境税在GATT第3条中难以获得合法性地位。     

从GATT第3条的解释看环境税的合法性——基于“平等对待条款”解释的视角

由于环境税会影响一国的产业竞争力,所以采取环境税的国家通常会在相关立法中制定涉外条款来保护本国产业。从GATT/WTO争端解决机制对GATT第3条平等对待条款的解释来看,GATT/WTO争端解决机制倾向于限制各国的环境规制自由,环境保护作为平等对待条款免除对象的可能性不大,环境税涉外在GATT第3条中难以获得合法性地位。     

基于区块链技术服务贸易畅通探讨

当今全球贸易数字化程度不断提高,随着"一带一路"的不断推进,单纯依靠中心化的大数据技术难于适应国家之间平等合作的需要,考虑到国际贸易总体风险水平相对较高,因此急需能够在部分信任、非信任环境下建立数字信任关系,简化跨境交易流程、提高交易效率,充分体现跨境各方平等参与。本文以中国海关试点项目为基础,探讨"一带一路"背景下基于区块链技术建设新型国际贸易支撑体系,从"自证"向"他证"转变前后对国际贸易活动的影响[1],重点就国际贸易规则和法律法规智能合约化、全球国际贸易联网监管中主链和支链设计等问题进行剖析。本文对参与"一带一路"工作的政策设计者、信息化决策者及实施人员具有一定参考意义,对于区块链技术相关研究课题具有一定借鉴作用。     

基于粗集方法改进的图像平滑

研究了一个基于粗集理论改进的图像平滑方法 ,首先建立粗集等价关系和相应划分集合 ,然后得到基于粗集方法的图像平滑框架 ,提出基于粗集理论改进的图像平滑的具体实现。该平滑方法的平滑效果与传统平滑方法相比较 ,具有更清晰的边缘和细节 ,并且算法简单易于实现。     

The strategic challenge of the evolving global economy

The world economy is in a period of rapid change. New market forces are emerging as the economic center of gravity continues moving westward toward the Orient. The technological revolution is likely to equal the industrial revolution in its impact on the global economy. How are industrial countries responding to these changing markets and technologies?     

三元结构下的国别法两国贸易顺差——投入表法

在二元结构下,国别法贸易顺差等于国际收支的经常项目。本文利用投入产出表中的投入表法构造了一个三元结构下国别法贸易顺差核算模型,其主要目的是研究在三元结构下国别法双边贸易顺差与双边国际收支经常项目的异同。研究的主要结论为:在三元结构下,二者将会有显著的不同。这意味着对我国这样一个世界上最主要的外国直接投资接受国来说,在用国别法研究双边贸易时,简单套用二元结构下的BEA法会产生较大的误差。     

基于DEA的洛阳工业运行效率评价与对策研究

基于DEA原理,按照评价模型、指标、评价步骤,建立洛阳市工业运行效率评价体系,进行实证研究,其结论是:在洛阳市工业体系的12个部门中,能源加工业、造纸印刷、食品制造及烟草加工业与木材加工及家具制造业4个部门的DEA相对效率值为1,即这四个工业部门的运行效率相等。其后则是能源采选业、化学工业、冶金工业、金属制品业与装备制造业等部门居于中游,而纺织工业、能源供应业与建材工业处于最后,相对运行效率最差。洛阳市应制定出提升洛阳工业综合竞争力的战略举措,着重突出产业特色,充分发挥科技优势,全面提升科技竞争力;构建工业强市的产业支撑;借鉴循环经济模式,振兴制造业,促进产业结构换代,保证经济效益与社会效益共赢。     

少数民族地区生态文明建设研究

工业社会以"大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃"为基本特征的工业文明时期,现代工业体系在创造出空前的物质财富和社会繁荣的同时,也不断地消耗、破坏着自然资源和人类的生存环境。我国少数民族群众整体和谐的自然观、敬畏生命的平等观以及循环再生的生产观等生态伦理思想与生态文明的本质是一致的,在生态文明建设中可发挥积极的作用。本文探讨了少数民族地区生态文明建设对策,包括传承少数民族生态伦理文化,发挥民族区域自治的政治优势、完善生态保护的法律法规,培养"生态公民"、提倡"绿色消费"以及发展循环生态产业和低碳产业为主导的特色经济等。     

论农民权益保护的基本理念

农民权益保护问题成因复杂,必须标本兼治,治本为主,不能仅仅从制度层面上思考问题。树立平等保护、法治保护、民主保护以及全面、协调、可持续保护的基本理念,至关重要。     

促进能源资源节约和环境保护的税收政策选择

从我国税收制度建设的进程来看,建立健全促进能源资源节约和环境保护的税收政策体系,应坚持奖惩结合与并重的原则。将奖励性的税收政策主要体现在增值税和企业所得税等税种上,而将惩罚性的税收政策主要体现在资源税、消费税以及环境税等税种上;将基于使用者付费原则的污染产品税的职责由资源税、消费税来承担,而将基于污染者付费原则的污染排放税的职责由环境税来承担。     

基于Hotelling模型的医药零售业选址策略研究

应用Hotelling模型解释医药零售企业选址问题,将商誉变量引入Hotelling模型来分析两家医药零售企业在同一线性市场的选址竞争策略。模型分析表明,当两家药店商誉相同时,同时进入线性市场的两家药店将选址于线性市场的两端;当两家药店商誉不同时,商誉较高一方将选址与线性市场的中央,而商誉较低一方则将选址于线性市场的两端。     

道路交通弱势群体中非机动车驾乘人员的保护研究

随着道路交通运输事业的发展,交通事故已成为威胁人民生命财产安全的社会公害。尤其是行人和非机动车驾乘人员,他们是交通事故的弱者,更容易受到伤害,属于道路交通事故中的弱势群体。每一个道路的使用者都应该有平等的使用权利,对于这样的弱势群体,我们应该给予特别的关注。本文通过对近几年交通事故中非机动车事故的调查统计,以及具体事故数据采集与分析,从各个方面分析了事故特征及事故现状,提出了几点具体的事故预防办法以及我国对交通事故中行人与非机动车保护技术与措施。