Libertarianism and Private Property in Land

A bstract . Whether or not we have any natural right to landownership , like life and liberty , the institution of private property is a good . The utility produced by private property in land is overshadowed by the evils produced by the speculative withholding of supramarginal land unless compensatory payments are required of landowners. Such payments should be made to those living in the same "rental area" and should be of an amount that will eliminate all incentive to land speculation. It is not always either desirable or possible to require that all of one's land value be paid in compensation. and even if such payments could be accomplished, they would not always be enough to redistribute the product stemming from the "monopolization" of real property The proper compensatory payment should reflect real increases in the value of real estate since its purchase, minus the value of improvements to the site made by the owner.     

Rethinking Common Versus Private Property

The Commons/Green Movement seems to have accepted that the current system is based on the principles of private property, and then has juxtaposed the notion of common property to private property. In fact, the current system is based on violations of the principle on which private ownership is supposed to rest, namely, the principle of people getting the fruits of their labor. The Commons Movement should critique the current system as an abuse of private property both in how it treats the products of labor as well as how it treats that which is not the fruits of anyone's labor (natural resources). When private property is refounded on its just foundation, then economic enterprises would be democratic firms such as worker cooperatives, and the ground would be cleared to apply special arrangements to natural resources, which are not the products of labor.     

Henry George's Land Reform: The Distinction between Private Ownership and Private Possession

Henry George stated that the taxation of land rent would amount to the abolition of the institution of private ownership of land, thereby alienating all those who, whether for economic or ideological reasons, regard the private ownership of land as essential for social order and progress. George believed that under his proposed reform the private ownership of land would be replaced by private possession. But his distinction between ownership and possession appears to have been based on a misconception of the nature of private ownership. His proposed reform could have been more logically described as a conditional, modified, or restricted private ownership of land, rather than as the abolition of private ownership of land.     

Collective Action and Property Rights: A Planner's Critical Look at the Dogma of Private Property

The focus of this essay is success in collective action. It is based on a critical review and synthesis of the literature on collective action and property rights. I make three key arguments in the essay. First, contrary to the narrow conventional wisdom, self‐interested behavior can lead to successful collective action in both commonly managed resources and open‐access situations. The literature documents and explains a number of examples of success. Second, and nonetheless, collective action can be problematic and may require institutional responses, but privatization is not a panacea. Paradoxically, privatism can be a key source of the problems in collective action. And third, since the conventionally postulated, simple one‐to‐one relationship between a private property rights regime and an efficient outcome is not true, and given planners’ institutional interests, they should take a leading role in publicly advocating the potential viability of common property and collective action. Another important objective of the essay is to introduce to the readers a vast body of non‐traditional literature that has relevance for urban studies and planning practice. I include the literature on private property rights, ‘the tragedy of the commons’, ‘the inverse commons’, ‘the comedy of the commons’, and ‘the tragedy of the anticommons’. Cet essai s’intéresse au succès de l’action collective. Il s’appuie sur une critique et une synthèse des références sur l’action collective et les droits de propriété. Trois arguments sont exposés. D’abord, a contrario d’un avis étroit et conventionnel, l’intérêt personnel peut conduire à une action collective réussie tant pour des ressources gérées en commun que pour des situations en accès libre; des documents retracent et expliquent bon nombre de cas de succès. Ensuite, et néanmoins, une action collective peut poser problème et exiger des réponses institutionnelles, quoique la privatisation ne soit pas la panacée; paradoxalement, le ‘privatisme’ peut se révéler une source essentielle de difficultés en cas d’action collective. Enfin, comme le principe classique de relation simple, un pour un, entre un régime de droits de propriété privée et un résultat efficace n’est pas vérifié, et compte tenu des intérêts institutionnels des urbanistes, ceux‐ci devraient prendre un rôle moteur en défendant publiquement la viabilité de la propriété commune et de l’action collective. L’essai a comme autre objectif important de présenter aux lecteurs un vaste corpus de textes non traditionnels pertinent pour les études urbaines et la pratique de l’urbanisme. La conclusion inclut des références sur les droits de la propriété privée, ‘la tragédie des biens communs’, ‘les communs inversés’, ‘la comédie des communs’ et ‘la tragédie des anti‐communs’.     

浙江宅基地和农房产权制度调查研究

基于2009-2010年组织的浙江10个县(市、区)农户和官员问卷调研,描述浙江宅基地与农房产权管理现状,论述各地宅基地与农房产权制度改革实践探索情况,并分析宅基地与农房产权制度改革需求和方向。调查分析表明,当前各地宅基地与产权管理现状差异较大,农户和官员对宅基地与产权制度改革需求较大。建议采取有力措施,推动宅基地与农房产权制度改革,保障农民的财产权益,提高农民的财产性收入。     

农村集体土地产权制度内涵与性质的探讨

农村集体土地产权制度是指构建农村集体土地产权结构和产权关系的制度安排.农村集体土地产权是一组权利束,在我国现行农村集体土地产权制度中,土地所有权和土地使用权构成土地产权制度的主要内容.农村集体土地产权制度是一种以所有权为基础、使用权为核心的产权形态.     

General Property Reassessment: Relative Tax Impacts on Land and on Structures

A bstract . Many jurisdictions require periodic mass reassessment of real property to bring assessed values closer to market values and to reallocate tax burdens among property types. This paper examines the influence of general reassessment on the tax burden on land relative to that on improvements in Indiana, a state using elected local assessors, statewide mass reassessment on a regular cycle, and assessment of structures at hypothetical reproduction cost. Examination of data over the 1950-51 to 1974-75 period shows that economic growth and development reallocates property tax impact away from land: the share of land in the base declines and the effective rate paid on any given parcel of land declines. Reassessment adjusts these impacts. While reassessment increases the share of improvements in the total base, the readjustment for land is larger. From this analysis, the most recent mass assessment (1968) increased the land to improvement ratio by about 42 percent.     

最低层次原理与中国土地产权制度变迁

本文以系统经济学的观点和资源位理论的基本思想为基础,根据产权安排的最低层次原理,分析了新中国农业发展的历史轨迹和发展趋势,指出了农业发展的阶段性波动与土地产权制度变革的对应关系,并提出农村土地产权安排必将是从家庭经济系统向更高层次经济转移,实现产业化的规模经营。     

中小型民营物业管理企业发展思路初探

民营物业管理企业迅猛的发展势头已引起政府、社会、行业的高度关注，但现阶段民营物业管理企业还不能与老牌物业管理企业直接抗衡。本文从分析民营物业管理企业面临的外部环境入手，探讨中小型民营物业管理企业的发展基础、面临的机遇及发展的策略。     

土地价格、居民收入对商品住宅价格影响的动态分析——基于状态空间模型的实证

本文基于状态空间模型,利用2004～2009年的季度数据,就土地价格、居民收入对商品住宅价格的影响进行了动态分析,结果表明:(1)2004～2006年底,由于政府2004年土地政策的"813"大限,地价对房价的影响是在波动中增加,但是缺乏弹性;居民收入对商品住宅价格的影响是在波动中减小,但是属于富有弹性;(2)2007～2009年,地价和居民收入变化对商品住宅价格的影响都比较稳定,都是属于缺乏弹性,居民收入对房价上涨的支撑渐显乏力;(3)相比土地价格的变化,居民收入的变化对商品住宅价格的影响更大.     

对国有资产搭私人股东“便车”观点的质疑

在企业中将国有股份减持到第一大股东以下,并没有改变国有资产产权主体缺位的问题,国有资产的利益得失仍处于无人问津的状态。此时,作为第一大股东的个人便会通过各种手段侵占国有资产。因此,国有资产通过"搭便车"机制来分享作为大股东的民营主体对企业高效运营所创造的收益是不可取的。     

中国农地产权制度60年:历程回顾与变迁评判

中国农地产权制度60年演进过程可以分为两大阶段:计划经济时期的农地制度与改革开放以来共有私用型农地制度。文章认为,大政治利益集团的意识形态偏好在特定的政治、历史条件下对中国农地产权制度的变迁具有决定作用;在一定的条件下非正式制度创新在边际上的不断积累终会使正式制度偏离其锁定路径;公社型的农地产权制度效率不高,但在某些方面却比家庭联产经营制具有优势;农地制度变迁的绩效只在短期内存在。     

浅析内地物业管理的发展战略

针对我国目前物业管理业所面临的挑战与机遇,提出了物业管理企业的初步发展战略构思,以求为我国物业管理企业迅速健康发展提供参考建议。     

Two Models of Ownership: How Commons Has Co‐Existed with Private Property

This article challenges the claim by many historians that the rise of capitalism requires the destruction of common property systems. In contrast to the English case in which commons were enclosed, French peasants used their common property system to regulate the market, provide a rural safety net and a democratic check on elites, while urban industry developed. European battles over common property replayed in surprising ways in colonial African countries such as Sierra Leone, and echoes reemerge today. The West African country of Guinea tests two possible paths to development of a market society: the English path and the French path. Interviews with key government officials collected in 1993 help explain why Guinea, despite adopting a land law in 1992 inspired by the English path, has so far failed to widely apply the law and, in fact, is following the French path. The United States pursued a policy of replacing American Indian common property systems with exclusive individual property rights. Nonetheless, Indian common property survives in the form of recent recognition of Indian off‐reservation hunting and fishing rights. The Menominee reservation successfully resisted the destruction of its common property system and today participates in the market in a manner that preserves reservation ecology, democratic government, and Menominee cultural identity. Rethinking the meaning of French, African, and U.S. accommodation to common property systems offers important lessons for contemporary development policies in Africa and around the world.     

国企土地再开发的产权理论研究——超越科斯谈判的产权创设视角

国有企业有限持有的土地使用权与地方政府强势控制的土地发展权构成了国企划拨土地的特殊产权结构,并在土地再开发过程中涉及复杂的利益博弈.现有文献中常用科斯谈判去理解优势区位的国企土地无法更新的交易成本根源,但在发生再开发行为中的解释存在明显的局限性.研究提出一个命题,即认为产权主体创设新产权形式的效率要比谈判中的利益博弈大...     

产权博弈视角下存量低效工业用地更新机制研究——以深圳市新型产业用地改革为例

城市发展进入到存量时代后,工业用地低效利用问题与产业结构转型愈发紧密相关.基于产权博弈的视角,分析了工业用地产权界定和产权演变过程中租值耗散和交易成本的问题,厘清低效工业用地原有产权主体、新产权主体与地方政府的博弈策略,并利用讨价还价博弈模型,从谈判能力、谈判砝码和贴现因子三个维度,针对市场流转方式,从两个阶段分析导致...