Social Capital Accumulation and the Exercise of Power: The Case of P2 in Italy

This article addresses the production of legitimate forms of power in our democracies by framing the rise and fall of “Propaganda 2” (P2) — a masonic lodge active in Italy during the 1970s — in the analysis of social capital proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. This lens emphasizes the role played by networks in the accumulation of symbolic capital and their interaction with the historical and institutional context in the exercise of symbolic violence. The experience of P2 is then analyzed to describe, on one hand, the characteristics of the networks that are critical to its success and, on the other, the lodge’s capacity to interfere with the economic and political systems within the context of the Cold War in Italy. The willingness to control and provoke institutional change expressed by P2’s affiliates also shows to what extent the accumulation of social capital, in combination with other forms of capital, may represent a threat to public welfare. By illustrating the interaction between networks and the normative framework underlying our institutions, this case study suggests that the experience of P2 is not an exception in the functioning of our democracies.     

家族企业成长的社会网络资本

家族企业的突出特征表现为家族对企业所有权和经营所有权的控制,按照一般的发展顺序,家族企业的成长过程可依次划分为原始家族企业、纯粹家族企业、泛家族企业和现代家族企业4个阶段。伴随着家族企业的成长而变化和延伸的是家族企业自身所拥有的一种具有商业性质的资本,即社会网络资本。本文主要探讨社会网络资本伴随家族企业成长4阶段而发展变化的轨迹和规律性,以充分利用这种特殊资本来促进家族企业快速发展。     

企业社会资本:理论与实证研究述评

大量研究表明,社会资本是企业重要的战略资源和有效的治理机制,因而企业社会资本理论成为当前经济学和管理学研究的前沿领域之一。本文在已有文献的基础上,对企业社会资本的概念界定、分析维度和测量方法方面的研究进行了归纳;并从公司治理、融资行为、技术创新和企业家4个方面,对现有关于企业社会资本与企业绩效之间关系的实证研究进行了梳理。最后,就企业社会资本理论的发展现状和趋势进行了简要总结。     

微博社会资本的影响因素

采用新浪微博的数据,通过聚类分析、社会网络分析和回归分析,研究了微博用户的主动行为和真实世界中的社会资本对其微博社会资本的影响。研究结果显示:微博用户的主动行为和线下社会资本对其微博社会资本都有正向影响,且线下社会资本的影响较大;线下桥接社会资本对微博纽带社会资本的影响较大。     

Engaging with Social Networks: The Bourdieu-Becker Encounter Revisited

Economic implications of social networks are of great importance and economic motives may well play crucial roles in network formation and dissipation. Although historically speaking the mainstream economics' attention to the subject had rather been limited, in the previous couple of decades, the economics discipline developed its own branch of social network analysis and incorporated in their analysis individuals' networking decisions based on a standard Beckerian cost-benefit calculus. In understanding the scope of this new branch in economics discipline to incorporate social dimensions of the economy, this article aims to bring a Bourdieusian critique toward this approach, given that Bourdieu had been critical to a Beckerian cost-benefit reductionism in decision-making and had himself developed his own approach to social relations.     

企业社会资本作用的博弈分析

文章运用了博弈论中的模型对企业的社会资本作用进行分析,结果表明企业的外部社会资本可以降低企业的交易成本,企业的内部社会资本可以增强员工的合作,降低内耗。     

Social Capital: A Roadmap of Theoretical and Empirical Contributions and Limitations

The general idea of social capital is that relationships matter. In this sense, the trust, cooperation and reciprocity involved in these relationships can have a positive impact on the wealth of society by reducing transaction costs, facilitating collective actions, and lowering opportunistic behavior. This work sheds light on the different theoretical and empirical problems that a scholar is likely to face in dealing with social capital research and analysis. We propose a critical roadmap of the social capital theories and applications for a general audience, nonusers included, with particular attention to the works of political and social economists. We provide a critical debate on the different definitions and measures produced, the theoretical frameworks developed, and the empirical techniques adopted so far in the analysis of the impact of social capital on socio-economic outcomes. We turn to the limitations of these techniques and suggest some basic strategies to reduce the magnitude of these limitations.     

基于社会资本的企业间网络变迁

现有研究对于企业间网络由强关系向弱关系变迁的发展模式已经基本达成共识,而在网络变迁的内在机制上仍存在较大分歧。本文基于社会资本理论和资源依赖理论,分两个阶段深入研究了企业成长初期企业间网络变迁的内在机制。在单层egocentric强关系网络模式下,社会资本增加与资源积累的动态促进过程是网络变迁的内在机制;随着强关系网络层级的不断增加,社会资本仍然能够促进企业效用的提高和资源的积累,但其贡献程度不断降低。当合作关系网络扩张到规模边界时,企业应当摆脱路径依赖,加入灵活性较大的弱关系网络,以获得持续发展。     

社会资本理论研究的发展趋势

社会资本理论是一个专门研究社会资本及其与经济、政治、社会文化发展等各方面关系的理论体系,其内涵丰富、外延广阔。随着这一理论研究范围的拓展,社会资本理论研究必须尽早统一对其概念的界定。未来社会资本理论的研究重心应是引导人们树立正确的社会资本观念,并紧密结合中国社会经济实际,凸显我国社会资本理论研究的本土化特点。     

The Organizational Embeddedness of Social Capital: A Comparative Case Study of Two Voluntary Organizations

Social capital is a popular, but contested concept. It draws attention to the way in which social relations and constructed forms of social organization can produce outcomes on individual and collective levels. However, it is often founded on individualistic, rational-choice models of human behavior that neglect its embeddedness. I explore the embeddedness of social capital through a comparative case study of two voluntary sport organizations in the UK. Through close analysis of in-depth interviews and longitudinal observation, I look at the processes of social capital development and the way socio-organizational context and identity shape these processes.     

社会资本与企业竞争优势:基于知识的观点

企业如何在网络中获得竞争优势是战略管理学者关注的一个新的研究焦点。知识是企业获取持续竞争优势的一项重要源泉,通过对网络中社会资本的结构维度、认知维度及关系维度对知识存量和知识转移的作用机理分析,提出了基于社会资本的企业竞争优势模型。以集群为网络平台进行案例分析,指出网络中的社会资本是动态演变的,其与企业的成长阶段存在匹配问题,因此,企业在网络中获取竞争优势的关键是要培养自身的知识管理能力和网络管理能力。     

企业家社会资本：概念、影响机制及其研究新方向

本文梳理了企业家社会资本的概念和影响机制的相关研究成果。在此基础上,引入企业家机会要素对企业家社会资本的内涵进行了重新界定,并探讨了在新经济背景下结构洞理论对企业家社会资本影响机制研究的启示作用,阐述了该领域研究的新方向,并对相关理论研究的完善和应用研究的前景作了展望。     

社会资本与经济发展

社会资本是经济发展和社会进步的关键资源,是资源配置的第三种方式,对经济发展起着异常重要的作用.中国社会资本的构建需要从两方面入手:一是通过改造现有社会资本存量,充分发掘传统社会资本的积极作用;二是利用制度创新提升社会资本.只有结合传统非正式制度和社会资本的特点,积极创造和培育新的制度优势和资本优势,才能实现中国经济的持续发展和社会的全面进步.     

社会资本、人力资本与经济增长

笔者采用截面数据回归分析法及时间序列数据协整分析法对中国社会资本的不同维度——信任和民间组织与人力资本、经济增长的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,我国社会资本通过影响人力资本而影响经济增长,人力资本是我国社会资本作用于经济增长的机制之一。     

Social Capital and the Shadow Economy

Viewed in a wider context of paid and unpaid informal economic activities, the shadow economy highlights the little recognized ambivalence of social capital as both potentially positive and negative in outcomes for different groups in the economy. Using a concept of social capital as access to durable networks of actual and virtual resources, as claimed by Pierre Bourdieu, I examine the shadow economy as a source of both resilience and repression, intimately connected to the formal economy and tied to a neo-liberal agenda. I draw from review activities I have previously conducted on the informal economy in disadvantaged neighborhoods and from research on social capital in the economy in a European context.     

基于社会资本视角的社会管理创新研究

社会资本理论将因背负创新社会管理的使命而更具活力,创新社会管理的实践也将因社会资本的优化和支撑而更加有效。社会资本关注那些嵌入社会结构之中的社会关系以及信任、互惠规范和公民参与网络等社会资本形式,社会资本与社会管理良性互动,社会资本也具有负外部性。从培育公民的公共精神、建设廉价服务型政府、实现制度供给的法治化、引导民间组织健康发展等维度探寻创新社会管理的进路,以期实现“公平、正义、和谐”的良序社会治理。     

高等教育与社会资本:性别视角下的审视

使用中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心"中国教育长期追踪调查"数据,分析大学生求职就业中所呈现出的性别差异,社会资本对大学生求职的影响及作用机制的性别差异。女大学生社会资本存量、尤其是自致性社会资本存量并不低于男大学生,她们对于社会资本的利用程度也并不弱于男大学生,但社会资本对男女两性就业的影响体现出明显差异。相较于女性,社会资本对男性就业发挥更大作用。刻板化的性别意识会阻碍社会资本对女大学生就业的促进作用,从而难以缩小大学生就业的性别差异。     

A Pathway Forwards for the Social Capital Metaphor

A major topic in economics is the analysis of a broad class of phenomena associated with interpersonal relationships, a topic that originally grew from theories of “social capital.” While the concept has been instrumental in bringing increased attention to social effects on economic outcomes, it has increasingly been replaced with approaches that consider instead networks and discrete interactions rather than aggregate measures of social capital. This has been an analytical improvement, but a great deal of work remains to bring empirical validity and relevancy to social network analysis. This paper presents two important approaches for achieving this, statistical analysis and agent-based modeling, and discusses their benefits, limitations, and complementary nature. Rather than waiting for either approach to achieve an ambiguous quality of maturity, integrating statistical analysis with simulation models of networks must begin now to push the frontiers of social network analysis forward.     

社会资本与经济发展:理论及展望

随着社会资本理论的发展，发展经济学演进到新的发展阶段———“社会关系至关重要”。社会资本理论的引入丰富了经济发展理论研究思路：发展中国家需要构造以社会资本为纽带的综合经济发展体系；在全球化背景下，协调社会资本与现代经济发展是经济学面临的课题。     

社会资本视角下的新农村建设

本文通过分析新农村建设的两个方面和两种资本,指出了现阶段农村在社会资本方面的不足之处,认为通过成立农协的方式是合理构建农村生产性社会资本和分配性社会资本的重要途径,要实现社会主义新农村的宏伟蓝图,迫切需要进行农村管理体制上的改革.