Marx on Ricardo: an explanation of some important misunderstandings

Ricardo's theory of value and distribution is reconstructed by proceeding along the lines of Marx's critique of Ricardo. It is thus an anti-critique of Marx's reading of Ricardo. The chapter ‘On Value’ in Ricardo's Principles is shown to be a consistent and rigorous treatment of the determinants of prices of production. According to Ricardo labor-values merely serve to approximate more elaborate standards of value. Marx's criticism is shown to rest crucially on his own misinterpretation of Ricardo's definitions and presupposes his own – faulty – theory of surplus value. Therefore Ricardo's theory can – contrary to Marx's theory of surplus value – still be regarded as a fruitful complement to Sraffa's model.     

The Limits of Organizational Change

The paper builds on the Marxist concept of exploitation to explore the meaning of the Post Keynesian notion of uncertainty. Uncertainty is mediated by institutions and is distributed unevenly among different social groups. As different historical social formations entail different institutional structures, the distribution and nature of uncertainty will also differ. The social configurations between class relations and uncertainty are analyzed for the capitalist, feudal and slave modes of production. It is demonstrated that modes of production do not only imply specific exploitative relations but also different relative distributions of uncertainty amongst classes. The joining of Marxian and Post Keynesian approaches allows for a richer understanding of exploitive relations and illuminates the full societal impact of uncertainty. It is shown that only in capitalism is the exploited class exposed to a substantial degree of economic uncertainty.     

黑龙江省农民转移就业问题与对策分析

黑龙江不仅是农业大省也是劳动力大省。农民问题一直是“三农”问题的核心,而解决这一问题的关键在于如何处理农民就业问题。这是关系到千万黑龙江省农民生存发展的核心所在。解决了农民就业问题,农民的生活和收入就有了保障,社会就更加稳定。因此,如何有效地推进农民就业转移,对黑龙江省经济社会发展十分重要。     

马克思剩余价值理论视角下信息商品增值研究

信息劳动创造价值,如何在马克思剩余价值理论视角下研究信息商品增值是一个新的研究课题。信息劳动是复杂劳动,创建期投入巨大,一些信息商品具有独特形式。将信息生产的不同时期的区分引入复杂的劳动过程和价值增殖的研究：信息商品创建期和扩大生产期都属于生产过程,在生产中获得价值增殖的潜力,而通过流通过程,创造出巨大数量的消费受众,从而实现了剩余价值的获得。巨大的规模投资、极高的技术门槛和政府政策保护使信息企业获得超额剩余价值。     

生产要素价值论的逻辑错误

对于19世纪遗留下来的重大学术问题，在新的历史条件下，有必要进行重新的讨论和认识。生产要素价值论是维护剥削者利益的价值理论，与科学的劳动价值论存在明显的认识分歧，但其内在的逻辑错误并不在于承认物在创造价值中的作用，而在于混淆了物的作用与人对物的占有作用，即混淆了劳动客体在劳动整体创造价值中的作用与剥削者作为变态的劳动主体对劳动客体的占有作用。在社会主义初级阶段，在改革开放20多年后的今天，我们大可不必讳言剥削在中国经济生活中的普遍存在。只是，对于按要素分配的非劳动收入，我们要一方面明确其具有剥削性，是现实的剥削收入，另一方面还要强调其在依法纳税后具有合法性，是受国家保护的合法收入。为此，与时俱进的马克思主义政治经济学理论工作者，对于剥削，不能无视其合法且普遍存在的深刻的社会历史原因，缺乏新时代的思想认识创新，而简单化地坚持传统认识。     

Sraffa’s Constructive and Interpretive Work,and Marx

ABSTRACT

This article provides a summary account of Piero Sraffa’s constructive and interpretive work on the classical approach to the theory of value and distribution and its relationship with Marx’s contributions. It is shown that in the early phase of his constructive work Sraffa developed his equation systems by adopting a ‘physical real cost’ approach and a strictly objectivist point of view, and completely eschewed Marx’s labour-based approach and the related Marxian concepts. Only at a later stage did he explore systematically the relationship between his own modern re-formulation of the surplus approach to the theory of value and distribution and Marx’s contribution. He considered Marx’s most important analytical contribution to the further development of the surplus approach to consist of the re-integration of circular production relations, which allowed him to see the existence of a maximum rate of profits and its role in an analysis of accumulation and technical change.     

制度-垄断地租与中国地方政府竞争:一个马克思主义分析框架

竞争性地方政府作为改革以来形成的重要制度形式,在相当程度上决定了中国社会主义市场经济体制的特点。本文不仅承续了既有文献中将地方政府的经济动机归于租金,并将土地财政视为地方政府利用租金开展战略投资的观点,而且试图在一个马克思主义框架内进一步发展这一观点。为此我们对租金的生产性利用和国家的经济作用的关系做了初步探讨,并将大卫·哈维的制度-垄断地租理论运用于分析中国地方政府围绕营建环境的投资活动。本文的基本结论是,中国地方政府在以土地财政为核心的战略投资中,充当了租金的生产性分配者和使用者的角色,并因之嵌入了原本由企业之间的竞争所带来的相对剩余价值生产过程,形成了中国经济特有的相对剩余价值生产双重结构,从而在相当长的时间内造就了世所罕见的高投资率,推动了中国经济的持续快速增长。     

试论按劳分配与按生产要素分配

长期以来,对于分配制度原则的选择,我国经历了从单纯的按劳分配,到按劳分配为主、其他分配形式为辅,再到按劳分配与按生产要素分配相结合这样一个较长的过程。按劳分配是以马克思主义理论为依据的。社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度决定了我们必须把按劳分配和按要素分配两种不同的分配方式结合起来。按劳分配与按生产要素分配两种分配方式的结合是我国建立社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求。     

市场均衡就业区间与区间内两种特殊的就业失衡

现代市场经济运行中的社会均衡就业量并不只是一个孤立的点,而是一个区间。该区间具有较为复杂的性质与结构,其内部一般还存在两种特殊的、长期以来一直未引起人们注意的就业失衡－－区间内就业不足和区间内过量就业。从理论上阐明“市场均衡就业区间”的形成机理,并对其内部特殊的就业失衡进行必要的分析,将有助于我们深化对现代市场经济条件下社会就业规律的认识,同时,对在总量波动背景下进一步完善就业管理、实现充分就业,也将起到重要的理论指导作用。     

Methods for Environmental and Economic Accounting for the Exploitation of Wild Fish Stocks and their Applications to the Case of Icelandic Fisheries

The paper discusses methods for estimating the value of commercially exploited fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. Methods which are recommended in the System of National Accounting (SNA) satellite system and the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) and relevant for this task are discussed. The paper questions the relevance of some of these methods. It argues for the integration of economic accounting for wild fish stocks with estimation of efficient management of them. Using biological and economic data makes it possible to produce consistent estimates of the value of fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. These estimates are useful for national accounting and for guiding management of fisheries. This method allows estimation of the cost of inefficiency of fisheries management besides estimation of the cost of depletion. The different methods are illustrated using data on commercial fisheries in Iceland and the fish stocks that they exploit. It is shown that even if all methods are based on market valuation and use only objective data they lead to very different outcomes.     

Minutes of Spring Council Meeting, 1966, of the Catholic Economic Association

Alongside neo-classical supply-side analysis, there was the emergence in the 1980s of a new strand of anlysis seeking to develop a social-institutional perspective on the supply-side of modern industrial economies. This paper contrasts the views of labor market ‘flexibility’ provided by neo-classical analysts and supporters of deregulation with those of the Flexible Specialization and Diversified Quality Production theorists and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Flexible Specialization in comparison to its main ‘institutionalist’ rival. It concludes that the anlysis of ‘supply-side institutionalism’ and the evidence provided by important empirically based studies, suggests that public policy directed towards: optimizing job training, promoting employee participation and inter-firm co-operation, and restricting the ability of firms to indulge in short-termism will be most productive in promoting the cause of socially progressive industrial production and ‘goodwork’.