行为定价:基于消费者心理的定价智慧

行为定价脱胎于行为经济学,是一种将消费者心理学和行为决策理论运用到定价环境中的理论。与传统价格策略相比,行为定价更加关注不同价格情境下消费者的价格行为。它强调价格策略的目的在于分析、利用消费者自身的"非理性"因素引导消费者在不同情境下的购买决策,以提高企业的收入和业绩。本文阐述了行为定价理论的思想和特征,希望对企业的定价行为具有启示作用。     

价格歧视在旅游产品定价中的运用

在阐述价格歧视内涵的基础上,分析旅游产品定价中受价格企业影响的原因以及价格歧视理论在旅游产品定价中的作用,并提出基于价格机制在旅游产品定价中的四种模式,旨在更好地实现旅游产品定价,促进旅游产业发展。     

消费者剩余与旅游产品定价研究

随着世界经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，旅游已成为现代人类社会重要的生活方式。本文从消费者剩余理论的角度进行分析，研究作为旅游产品的经营者如何站在消费者的角度，制定合理的旅游产品价格，获取合理的或者说预期的利润。     

归因理论关于价格感知公平的研究

随着现在通货膨胀等因素的出现,消费者对价格的敏感度也不断增加。本文通过归因理论把涨价的原因进行分类,发现消费者在不同的原因下,对价格的感知不公平是不一样的。当引起涨价的原因是商家外部的因素而且是长期的原因时,消费者感知到的不公平感是最小的。     

基于消费者偏好的信息产品定价策略分析

信息产品的价值对消费者偏好具有很强的依赖性,所以信息产品的消费者偏好对信息产品的定价具有重要的影响。因此信息产品的定价不适用边际成本定价法或市场需求定价法,最可行的策略是根据信息产品对不同消费者的价值来定价。     

基于消费者心理成本的汽车产品在线定价策略研究

随着我国国民经济水平的逐渐提升,人们对汽车的消费需求也在提高。相对于家庭消费来说,汽车消费在家庭支出中属于大宗的支出项目,会受到消费者自身的具体经济情况、心理需求等多方面因素的影响,汽车销售企业的汽车产品定价策略则需要参考消费者的心理消费需求,从而使汽车的价格策略更有效地增强自身的竞争力,提高经济效益。本文将从消费者的消费心理分析以及汽车产品的具体定价策略进行分析,希望对于汽车企业的产品定价方面有所参考。     

引导消费者关注产品价值的定价策略研究

面对日益增多的产品选择,价格成为消费者首要考虑因素。为了引导消费者重新关注企业创新和价值定位与自身需求的联系,本文提出了若干种创新的产品定价策略。利用消费者对价格的关注,激励消费者思考企业定价背后所隐藏的深意,从而改变自身选择模式,最终为企业经营带来新的优势。     

Anchor Points, Reference Points, and Counteroffers in Negotiations

Based on the theoretical assumptions that counteroffers are generated through an anchoring-and-adjustment process and that offers are perceived as gains or losses relative to a reference point, predictions were made of how, in a price negotiation, the size of counteroffers vary with proposed selling prices and reservation prices. The predictions were confirmed in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 64 undergraduate students of business administration playing the role of buyers of condominiums were presented proposed selling prices and asked to give a counteroffer which a hypothetical seller would accept or reject. A reference point was induced by telling subjects their reservation price. Before giving a counteroffer subjects were asked to indicate whether it was higher or lower than an arbitrary anchor point. In four different groups of subjects, high vs. low reference point was crossed with high vs. low anchor point. The results showed as expected that the counteroffers were higher for a high than for a low anchor point, and higher for a high reference point when the anchor point was perceived as a gain than for a low reference point when the anchor point was perceived as a loss. In Experiment 2 in which another 48 undergraduate students of business administration participated, the anchor points were the proposed selling prices and the reference point (reservation price) was manipulated by providing estimates of the market price. The results were as predicted, thus suggesting that the proposed selling prices operated as anchor points and that the estimated market prices affected the reservation prices (reference points) so that the selling prices and estimated market prices jointly affected the counteroffers.     

基于消费者相互作用对新产品的扩散过程与参照群体的分析

作为企业营销者,了解个体消费者行为的特点是必要的,但是消费者的行为并非孤立存在,而是因诸多外在的和内在的因素而相互影响。了解和把握消费者的相互影响在新产品的扩散过程和参照群体的地位是成功营销战略的一个重要因素。     

具有公平偏好参与者的双渠道供应链定价策略研究

近几年来,网络直销和传统零售两种模式愈演愈烈。其实,在供应链为背景下,供应链上每个成员的公平偏好因素是不可忽视的。通过建立公平偏好效用涵数及数值仿真模型,分析供应链成员定价策略,其结果表明,最优直销价格不受公平偏好因素的影响,最优批发价格、最优零售价格、供应链成员的效用和系统的总效用受公平偏好因素的影响,受影响的程度由公平偏好度的大小决定。但实际上在供应链的运作过程中参与者的公平偏好信息一般是不会共享的。     

网络消费者权益保护问题研究

当前,网络经济已成为中国经济的重要组成部分,但网络交易中交易主体多元化以及虚假商品信息、网络欺诈、消费者个人信息泄露、格式合同条款陷阱、救济渠道不通畅等问题常使网络消费者的权益受到侵害,需要建立完善的网络交易法律法规,保障网络交易参与各方特别是网络消费者的利益。     

中国零售环境下参考价格影响因素的初步研究——以家用电器产品为例

文章以参考价格的研究文献为理论基础,在中国零售环境下针对家电产品研究了影响消费者参考价格形成的一些因素.研究结果显示:在中国零售环境下针对家电产品,消费者的参考价格指数:与产品或品牌的售价正相关;与现场其他产品或品牌的相对价格负相关;在消费者购买高价产品时,与消费者对品牌的喜好正相关;在消费者购买低价产品时,与消费者的价格搜寻活动正相关;与需求紧迫性无显著相关关系.此外,年龄、学历和月收入都对消费者的参考价格指数有影响.最后对研究结果进行了讨论.     

隐性交易成本与资产定价——基于上证180指数成份股票交易数据的实证研究

文章利用上证180指数成份股票的高频数据计算隐性交易成本,探讨其与资产定价的关系。发现:(1)隐性交易成本与换手率、规模和收益率都存在着明显的线性负相关关系。在股票收益率下降时期,隐性交易成本通过流动性深度成本间接影响股票收益率。(2)较之隐性交易成本,规模因素与换手率因素对收益率的影响有着更好的测度性。很可能是因为这两个因素与流动性深度成本也有着显著相关性。(3)隐性交易成本与规模因素整体上呈线性负相关关系,分段上的关系则很可能是凹函数与凸函数的组合。     

Acceptance of New Food Products: Reference Prices and Psychological Moderators of Heterogeneous Price Effects

This paper emphasizes a consumer-centered perspective to understand new food product success. It pursues two central objectives by showing that consumers are more likely to interpret new product prices as offering gains or losses depending on their individual purchase histories, and consumer psychographics are demonstrated to affect new product adoption directly, and/or moderate effects of prices and promotions as well as quality signalling product attributes. Several hypotheses are generated based on explanations of underlying psychological mechanisms. For data analysis a cross-classified random effects model is applied to household panel data on yoghurt and sausages that includes four crossed random factors. The findings confirm that inclusion of consumer-specific price information is beneficial for understanding new food products’ adoption behavior. Monetary losses as well as gains negatively affect adoption. Purchase habits also hinder adoption while consumer innovativeness is an important driver. Price consciousness and purchase habits moderate price and promotion effects. While price consciousness reinforces negative effects of prices and positive effects of promotions, habits hinder positive effects of promotions. This implies that introductory promotions are an inappropriate strategy for attracting habitual consumers, and managers should identify appropriate target groups in order to improve the efficiency of introductory promotions.     

人工智能时代个性化定价行为的反垄断规制--从大数据杀熟展开

人工智能时代,数据规模显著扩张,算法能力持续优化。科技实力雄厚、市场力量强大的经营者凭借大数据与算法工具的紧密结合,收集和分析能够反映消费者特征和行为的相关信息,以无限接近消费者购买能力和支付意愿上限的方式对消费者实施个性化定价。个性化定价行为涉及对条件相同的交易相对人在交易价格上实施差别化待遇,可能构成反垄断法所禁止的价格歧视行为。但与以往反垄断实施重点关注的排他性价格歧视不同,个性化定价突出表现为直接针对终端消费者实施的剥削性价格歧视,且在具体情形下呈现出不同的限制竞争效果,引发消费者选择能力与选择范围的双重限制。鉴于此,个性化定价行为的反垄断规制需要准确识别涉案行为,综合判断竞争效果,慎重选择福利标准。对于同时降低消费者剩余和社会总福利的个性化定价行为,可认定其具有限制竞争效果且不具备正当理由,从而构成违法价格歧视;对于降低消费者剩余却提高社会总福利的个性化定价行为,如果选择消费者福利标准则可认定其构成违法价格歧视,如果选择社会总福利标准则可认定其具备正当理由;对于同时提高消费者剩余与社会总福利的个性化定价行为,因涉及消费者之间的剩余转移,对其竞争效果的评价仍待反垄断实施予以明确。     

Price Knowledge During Grocery Shopping: What We Learn and What We Forget

Past research on consumer price knowledge has varied considerably partly due to differences in how and when price knowledge is measured. This paper applies a multi-point, multi-measure approach to reconcile differences in past price knowledge research by examining systematic relationships between time of measurement and type of measures applied. Examination of consumer price knowledge before, during, and after store visit sheds light on what is measured at the individual points in time: episodic price knowledge and/or reference prices? With a between-subjects design interviewing 1,204 respondents, the authors investigate three price knowledge measures (price recall, price recognition, and deal spotting) demonstrating that these are hierarchically related. Results suggest that reference prices dominate before store visit, but also that episodic price knowledge, surprisingly, is still accessible at the store exit. These findings enable the authors to reconcile diverging results from past research, showing how consumer price knowledge evolves and suggesting that the vast majority of consumers learn about prices, whether consciously or unconsciously, during grocery shopping. Thus, when applying a multi-point, multi-measure approach, consumers appear to know more about prices than suggested by past research. Determinants of price knowledge are also examined and the results indicate that price knowledge builds up not only because of active search but also due to accidental exposure to prices and with low degrees of conscious processing. Implications for managers are discussed.     

The Impact of Price Disclosure on Dynamic Shopping Decisions

A potentially powerful way to assist consumers in making dynamic shopping decisions is to disclose price information to them before they shop, for example by posting prices on the Internet. This paper addresses the differential impact of disclosing either only current, or both current and future prices, on consumer shopping decisions in multi-period tasks involving multiple product purchases. In the context of an Internet-based experiment, we find that consumer expenditure deviates more strongly from that of a normative model when both current and future prices are disclosed than if only current prices are disclosed. We investigate the behavioral effects underlying this finding by estimating a model that allows for variations in consumer discounting, strength of store price format preferences, as well as choice consistency between different price disclosure conditions.