Fairness in human resource management,social exchange relationships,and citizenship behavior: testing linkages of the target similarity model among nurses in the United States

The current study tests key linkages of the target similarity model by examining relationships among multifoci justice, social exchange, and supervisor ratings of employee citizenship behavior. We found support for the model when examining three different workplace targets simultaneously (i.e., the organization as a whole, supervisors, and workgroup members) using a sample of hospital nurses in the United States. Specifically, we found that: (1) employee perceptions of workgroup fairness, supervisor fairness, and organizational fairness differentially and positively predicted perceived workgroup support (PGS), perceived supervisor support (PSS), and perceived organizational support (POS), respectively and (2) PGS, PSS, and POS differentially and positively predicted citizenship behavior toward the workgroup, toward the supervisor, and toward the organization, respectively. Theoretical and practical implications for the strategic management of human resources are discussed, as are limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.     

Modeling tourists' visiting intentions toward ecofriendly destinations: Implications for sustainable tourism operators

The previous literature has overlooked the examination of tourists' visiting intentions for ecofriendly destinations. Hence, anchored in Schwartz (1992) personal values and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the present study aims to develop a research model for application in Chinese settings. Survey findings from 467 tourists reveal significant positive relationships between tourists' values of resultant self‐transcendence and conservation and TPB factors (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), with the exception of the relationship between conservation and perceived behavioral control. Moreover, TPB factors and perceived green image were found to have positive effects on tourists' intentions to visit ecofriendly destinations. In addition, environmental consciousness positively moderates the relationships between the two Schwartz values and attitude. Theoretical implications are provided, and the study's findings have strategic practical implications for business managers. We acknowledge the study's limitations and offer research directions for future ecofriendly tourism scholars.     

The moderating role of entrepreneurship education on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention

A considerable agreement exists about the importance of promoting entrepreneurship to stimulate economic development. In particular, recent research has paid considerable attention to the role of entrepreneurship education in explaining entrepreneurship intentions; also, numerous studies have found empirical evidence for subjective norms affecting the attitude toward entrepreneurial behavior and the perceived control over that behavior. However, cognitive models have not yet considered the moderating role of entrepreneurship education on these relationships. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, we analyze how the interaction between entrepreneurship education and subjective norms shapes the perceptions and attitudes toward entrepreneurship. To this end, structural equation modeling is applied to data from a sample of 338 final-year undergraduates using multi sample analysis. Results show that entrepreneurship education has a significant moderating role, mitigating the relationship between subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, and strengthening the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial attitudes. Results also have relevant implications for women’s entrepreneurship.     

Latent Class Analysis of Respondent Scalability

The psychometric literature contains many indices to detect aberrant respondents. A different, promising approach is using ordered latent class analysis with the goal to distinguish latent classes of respondents that are scalable, from latent classes of respondents that are not scalable (i.e., aberrant) according to the scaling model adopted. This article examines seven Latent Class models for a cumulative scale. A simulation study was performed to study the efficacy of different models for data that follow the scale model perfectly. A second simulation study was performed to study how well these models detect aberrant respondents.     

Local structural quantile effects in a model with a nonseparable control variable

I consider a semiparametric version of the nonseparable triangular model of Chesher [Chesher, A., 2003. Identification in nonseparable models. Econometrica 71, 1405–1441]. The proposed model is linear in coefficients, where the coefficients are unknown functions of unobserved latent variables. Using a control variable idea and quantile regression methods, I propose a simple two-step estimator for the coefficients evaluated at particular values of the latent variables. Under the condition that the instruments are locally relevant (i.e. they affect a particular conditional quantile of interest of the endogenous variable) I establish consistency and asymptotic normality. Simulation experiments confirm the theoretical results.     

A graduates ’ satisfaction index for the evaluation of the university overall quality

In the higher educational setting, students provide a relevant contribution to the quality of educational services. In such a context, the measurement of the perceived quality and related satisfaction for the university experience are of primary interest to evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of the learning processes. In this contribution, we aim at assessing the overall quality of the graduates’ university experience in terms of internal and external efficacy by applying the ECSI (European Customer Satisfaction Index) methodology, based on structural equation models and primarily developed in the context of customer satisfaction. For this aim, we propose a modified ECSI model tailored for the higher educational setting, explicitly taking into account the differences among groups of degree program. The study is carried out on data collected by the AlmaLaurea surveys at the University of Florence (Italy) in the period 2014–2017 and concerns a sample of more than 2,000 graduates. We find out eight latent variables that contribute to define the overall quality of university experience. These variables are differently affected by the type of degree program, with the highest levels of external efficacy observed for degree programs belonging to the educational, health, and engineering groups. It also turns out that interventions on the internal efficacy (i.e., quality of hardware and quality of humanware) have a direct positive effect on the university (i.e., loyalty) and an indirect positive effect on the society (i.e., external efficacy).     

The entrepreneurial process: an integrated model

In this study, a model for examining the process of how a person becomes an entrepreneur was developed by integrating planned behavior theory (PBT) with motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) theory. The model posits that motivation, opportunity, and ability affect entrepreneurial intentions through personal attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. A sample of 258 valid questionnaires was collected from entrepreneurial training-course participants in Taiwan. Based on this sample, a structural-equation analysis reveals several interesting results. First, personal attitude and perceived behavior control have a direct effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Second, subjective norms indirectly affect entrepreneurial intentions through personal attitude and perceived behavior control. Third, motivation affects entrepreneurial intentions through personal attitude and perceived behavioral control. Fourth, ability exhibits a directly positive association with entrepreneurial intentions, and indirectly affects entrepreneurial intentions through perceived behavioral control. Fifth, subjective norms affect entrepreneurial intentions through personal attitude and perceived behavioral control. These findings suggest that our model provides more information than those offered by PBT or MOA in understanding the process of becoming an entrepreneur.     

An expectancy-equity model of productive system performance

Although numerous behavioral variables (e.g., personality traits, incentives, nature of supervision) have documented relationships with quantity and quality of output, i.e., performance, in production systems, existing production and operations management models are dominated by technological variables. The article addresses three questions: 1. Which technological and behavioral variables influence productive system performance? 2. How do behavioral and technological variables interact? 3. Which variables are most important under different circumstances in determining performance?An expectancy-equity model, patterned on research by Lawler [22], presents proposed relationships among variables in production systems, which are classified along a continuum from high to low process predictability. Predominant determinants of performance in various types of systems (e.g., continuous process, job shop, R&D project) are considered in light of the model. Implications for designers and analysts of productive systems and for future research are discussed.     

When do threats mobilize managers for organizational change toward sustainability? An environmental belief model

In pursuit of counteracting today's environmental problems, corporate management will have to implement organizational changes factoring in sustainability, which is why it is important to understand exactly what leads managers to initiate these changes. It has been established that managers' personal values are critical for their behavior and that threats to these values can mobilize managers to change their actions. However, when confronted with environment-related threats, managers may face value conflicts and various tensions between their aim to implement sustainable changes and their desire to fulfill business requirements of their job positions. Only recently have researchers begun to investigate the underlying beliefs that may lead managers to initiate organizational change toward sustainability. Borrowing theoretical assumptions from the domain of health psychology (from the well-established health belief model), the present conceptual article develops an environmental belief model that specifies when exactly threats lead managers to initiate organizational change. The environmental belief model proposes that environment-related threats trigger change (i) when managers believe that their firms are susceptible to these threats, (ii) the threats are considered as serious for the company, (iii) the perceived benefits of the change outperform (iv) the perceived barriers, and when there is (v) an external cue (e.g., an information campaign). All these propositions are supported with empirical findings from business contexts. Besides theoretical advancement on the role of environmental threats as precipitators of organizational change, the model provides guidance on how to frame environment-related threats that will mobilize managers for organizational change toward sustainability.     

Analysis and forecast of donations at domestic hunger relief organizations impacted by natural disasters

Food banks are non-profit, charitable organizations that distribute food and products to people in need. Food bank facilities become disaster relief centers after natural disasters. The uncertainty associated with the arrival of donations and demand make the planning and operations of food banks challenging during the disaster relief period. The goal of this research is to analyse and forecast the amount of donations received by food bank facilities in the U.S. when operating as disaster relief centers. This paper analyses the donations received by two food bank facilities affected by Hurricane Harvey in 2017. An extensive numerical study is performed that compares the donation behavior at each facility before and after the hurricane event. Multiple forecasting models are evaluated to determine their accuracy in predicting the observed behavior. The results show that under disaster operations, the best performing techniques for both food banks were smoothing techniques (i.e., CMA and Holt) and econometric models.     

Demographics,personality, contact,and universal‐diverse orientation: An exploratory examination

This study explores relationships between race, gender, agreeableness, openness to experience, contact, and a measure of attitudes toward diversity—universal‐diverse orientation (UDO). UDO consists of three attitudinal components: realistic appreciation (a cognition), comfort with difference (a feeling), and diversity of contact (a behavior). Results suggest that race, agreeableness, and openness relate to UDO attitudes, primarily due to the relationships of these variables with the behavioral component—diversity of contact. Identifying characteristics of tolerant people (e.g., agreeableness) and training managers in skills related to those characteristics may improve contextual performance and make managers better role models within the organizational context. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

土地市场中开发商行贿的损害研究

利用结构方程模型,以武汉、‘广州、南京三市的调研数据为例,在综合政府干预、同行行贿、收益感知三大影响因素的基础上,测度土地市场中开发商行贿对公众福利、市场运行、社会稳定所造成的损害。观测变量与潜变量之间、各对应潜变量之间关系显著。经研究发现,开发商行贿的“后果,,有特定的ct前因”,而这种‘‘前因’’酝酿的‘‘后果’’具有明显负面性,即开发商行贿损害了公众福利、市场运行和社会稳定,其不法交易成本已完全外部化,公众则是最大的买单者。     

Examining the Draw of Diversity: How Diversity Climate Perceptions Affect Job‐Pursuit Intentions

Organizations must target talented applicants, who will often be demographically diverse, to attract the most competent and competitive workforce possible. Despite the bottom‐line implications of attracting the best and brightest, surprisingly little is known about how and why diversity recruitment strategies affect recruitment outcomes (e.g., job‐pursuit intentions). To gain insight into this question, we conducted an initial experimental study (N = 194) to test the premise that other‐group orientation moderates the relationship between perceived organizational value of diversity and job‐pursuit intentions. In a follow‐up experiment (N = 255), identity affirmation was examined as the mediating mechanism for the interaction observed in the first study. Mediated moderation analyses supported the proposed model. Collectively, the studies indicate that job seekers high in other‐group orientation are more intent on pursuing employment with organizations deemed to value diversity because they feel that their salient identities are likely to be affirmed. No such indirect effect is present for those lower in other‐group orientation.     

MULTIPLER EFFECTS AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE: APPLYING ECONOMIC BASE ANALYSIS TO SMALL ECONOMIES

Multiplier models (economic base, input-output, Keynesian) implicitly assume that pre-impact and post-impact interindustry transaction patterns are, for all practical purposes, identical. However, in very small regional economies this assumption is invariably violated because the economy undergoes a structural transformation during the impact process. That is, the economy often clearly shifts away from one functional type (e.g., service-oriented) toward another functional type (e.g., manufacturing-oriented) during the economic impact. Using marginal economic base analysis this paper outlines a model for predicting small-area impacts that captures not only the traditional multiplier effect but other effects related to (i) employment-based structural shifts and (ii) nonemployment-based contextual shifts. Algebraic and numerical derivations are given for the expected employment shifts in a hypothetical impacted economy. All numerical results follow from an earlier statistical analysis of the Arizona Community Data Set (ACDS).     

A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management

Understanding and dealing with the unknown is a major challenge in project management. An extensive body of knowledge—theory and technique—exists on the “known unknowns,” i.e., uncertainties which can be described probabilistically and addressed through the conventional techniques of risk management. Although some recent studies have addressed projects where the existence of unknown unknowns (unk unks) is readily apparent or may be assumed given the type of project—e.g., new product development or new process implementation—very little work has been reported with respect to projects in general on how a project manager might assess its vulnerability to unk unks. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework to deal with (i.e., recognize and reduce) knowable unk unks in project management. The framework is supported by insights from a variety of theories, case analyses, and experiences. In this framework, we first present a model of the key factors—relating to both project design and behavioral issues—that increase the likelihood of unk unks and a set of propositions linking these factors to unk unks. We then present a set of design and behavioral approaches that project managers could adopt to reduce knowable unk unks. Our framework fills a gap in the project management literature and makes a significant practical contribution: it helps project managers diagnose a project to recognize and reduce the likelihood of unk unks and thus deal more effectively with the otherwise unrecognized risks and opportunities.     

Contemporary Extensions of the Rasch Model

This paper will introduce, discuss and illustrate two contemporary extensions of theRasch model: the one parameter logistic model (Verhelst and Glas, 1995) and theMultidimensional Rasch model (Hoijtink et al., 1999). Using data with respect tothe measurement of schizotypy (Vollema and Hoijtink, 2000) the most importantfeatures of both models will be illustrated. For the one parameter logistic modelthese include: a (discrete) discrimination parameter for each item; a test for itembias; and, estimation of the location of a person on the (latent) trait that is beingmeasured. For the multidimensional Rasch model these include: specification ofthe model; and, model selection. All analyses presented in this paper can be executedusing either OPLM (Verhelst et al., 1995), TESTFACT (Wilson et al.,1984) or ConQuest (Wu et al., 1998). At the end of the paper some features ofmodels and software that have not been discussed will be summarized.     

Interpreting the results of studies using latent variable models to assess data quality: an empirical example using confirmatory factor analysis

Latent variable models (LVMs) offer one route to examine the quality of data collected in surveys. The possibility exists that individuals equivalent in their true level of a construct or variable being measured are unlikely to have equivalent observed responses as a function of an extraneous variable, e.g., group membership. This potential is labeled here as differential item functioning (DIF). Survey methods generally considers measurement bias to be estimators that do no not accurately reflect true values. DIF may be thought of as differential measurement bias, i.e., measurement bias conditional on group membership. As a function of group membership, the degree, amount, or type of measurement bias changes. DIF has the potential to negatively affect the quality of data. LVMs, e.g., confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), offer one tool to assess DIF. However, few published examples exist in the survey research field and training in the interpretation of these models is lacking. The purpose of the current paper is to describe CFA sufficiently for interpretive purposes and demonstrate an empirical application of CFA to assess survey data quality to provide further interpretive guidance. References are provided for analysts wishing to conduct analyses of this type.     

Response measurement and optimization of direct mailings

Beginning with 1995, we discuss different studies that deal with response measurement and optimization of direct mailings. Most of these studies analyze data sets from mail order companies or charities. We classify various dependent and predictor variables and??w.r.t. the latter distinguish static and dynamic effects. Response models are divided into parametric and flexible models. Besides, we analyze important modeling aspects, i.e., latent heterogeneity and endogeneity. Optimization methods are presented according to whether they refer to static or dynamic objectives. Based on these modeling aspects we evaluate the different studies. Considering various studies of model evaluation it becomes evident that logit models frequently constitute a good choice. However, Bayesian neural nets and Tobit models turn out to be good alternatives. As predictor effects are concerned results vary. Authors do not completely agree on which variables are the most important. Furthermore, signs and significances of predictors vary across studies. The majority of studies neglect latent heterogeneity and endogeneity. Finally, results show that there are still plenty of interesting research possibilities, such as a comprehensive evaluation of models or new specifications of (mailing) variables.     

Innovation attributes and pedagogical quality: a concretization of joint theories on course management systems acceptance

The utilization of information and communication technologies in support of teaching and learning is still on its way to expand its potentials in higher education. Facing different venues of course delivery, computer-mediated communication technologies seem to be the most efficient and cost-effective. Since the mid-1990s, course management systems (CMSs) have gradually evolved, and taken an irreplaceable important role in higher education. From the perspectives of pedagogical impact and instructional resource consumption, Morgan (2003) considered that CMSs form the academic system equivalent of enterprise resource planning systems. Based on an extensive review on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) at the outset, this study bridges the TAM and IDT, and proposes a conceptual model of the acceptance of CMSs to acknowledge antecedents (i.e., innovation attributes, self-efficacy (SE), pedagogical quality (PQ) and perceived evaluation of function (EF)). Theoretically, the perceived innovation attributes of CMSs impact users’ perceived usefulness (PU) and actual use (AU). The antecedents, such as SE, PQ, and EFs, are also anticipated to have impacts on the AU and use of perception. PU is influenced by perceived ease of use (PEOU), while behavioral intention (BI) is concurrently influenced by PEOU and PU. Moreover, AU is influenced by BI. Finally, discussion and suggestions for future research of the proposed model are also provided.     

Exploration-exploitation tradeoffs and information-knowledge gaps in self-regulated learning: Implications for learner-controlled training and development

Learning in modern organizations often involves managing a tradeoff between exploration (i.e., knowledge expansion) and exploitation (i.e., knowledge refinement). In this paper, we consider the implications of this tradeoff in the context of learner-controlled training and development. We then propose a model that integrates research on control theory, curiosity, and skill acquisition to explain how information knowledge gaps (i.e., gaps between what learners believe they know and what they desire to know) guide resource allocation decisions throughout the learning process. Using this model, we present testable propositions regarding (a) the different approaches learners take when resolving exploration-exploitation tradeoffs, (b) how systematic changes in learner perceptions translate into changes in systematic learner behavior, and (c) how common biases in key learner perceptions can undermine the functioning of self-regulated learning in training and development contexts. We finish with a discussion of the model's implications for the science and practice of training and development.