上海市最低工资标准的合理性——基于最低工资收入者角度的实证分析

最低工资制度是世界各国普遍采用的劳动保障制度,其目的在于维护劳动者取得劳动报酬的合法权利,保障劳动者尤其是低收入劳动者及其家庭成员的基本生活。文章依据相关法规政策规定的最低工资标准制定时需要考虑的因素,从保障低收入劳动者基本生活需要的角度,应用统计性描述方法对1993-2012年上海市最低工资与职工平均工资、人均GDP、最低社会保障线、人均消费性支出等进行分析。分析结果发现上海市最低工资与职工月平均工资的比远低于40%~60%的国际标准,与人均GDP的比值低于全国平均水平,表明上海市最低工资标准偏低,需要进一步改进或完善相关政策。     

制造业的生产分割与工资收入差距:16个行业证据

利用1995～2007年中国16个制造行业的数据,并运用动态面板数据模型来探讨影响中国行业内工资收入差距的原因。研究发现,在国际生产分割条件下,中国制造业企业大量进口中间产品,利用相对低廉的劳动力进行加工和组装,并最终出口到发达国家。在这个过程中企业偏好高技能的劳动力,相应地,高技能劳动力工资收入比低技能劳动力增长的更快,国际生产分割扩大了行业内工资收入差距。企业的研发活动增加了高技能劳动力相对需求,对行业内工资收入差距扩大也有显著的正向影响,而且影响程度要高于其他因素。     

Wage Reforms in China During the 1990s

In urban areas of China, economic reforms were intensely implemented after 1984. We focus on two primary aspects of the reforms in the 1990s, those pertaining to the labor market and to wages. Based on original interviews and two unique household data sets, we investigate the effects of the reforms. Our first finding is that the components of annual income have changed, reflecting fewer subsidies and more diverse sources of income (such as self-employment), over the period from 1995 to 1999. By 1999, the wage structure reflects less seniority-based pay, allows for more discretion in rewarding non-productive characteristics (gender and Communist Party membership, for example) and also permits more productivity-related pay (as evidenced by increased returns to human capital).     

最低工资文献综述

最低工资制度是国家通过立法的形式干预工资分配的一种制度,该制度设计是为了保障低收入劳动者,但是在实施中却引来了很多的争论。对此经济学家们分别从理论和实证的角度对实施最低工资的后果进行了分析。文章尝试对这些不同的观点进行梳理,以期能对最低工资的研究提供参考。     

农民工工资水平偏低的原因及对策

文章认为,就业歧视、农民工素质偏低、城市化滞后和产业结构不合理以及有关部门调控监管不力等是造成农民工工资水平偏低的重要原因。深化就业制度改革、加快城市化进程和第三产业发展、加大对农民工培训力度、建立健全农民工工资正常增长机制等,是推动农民工资性收入持续增长的重要举措。     

我国农民工工资支付保障机制构建——基于博弈论的分析视角

农民工作为我国劳动力市场的重要组成部分,其为我国城市建设做出了巨大贡献,然而关于农民工工资偏低且被拖欠、扣减等问题却是久而未决。这是由于劳动力市场信息不对称引起的,市场中缺乏对用工单位支付工资的信誉监督,且政府对拖欠工资的处罚力度也不够大,而相关的法律更是难以保障农民工的合法权益。因此,亟需在信息对称方面下大力气,着力改变城乡制度差别,使城乡形成统一的劳动合同、用工制度;并且通过提高农民工的工作技能来从根本上解决普通劳动力供过于求的情况,从而有力地构建起农民工工资支付保障机制。     

最低工资制度对劳动力市场影响的实证分析

本文对最低工资理论模型进行了拓展分析,并以深圳为案例分析了最低工资制度对区域就业的影响。在跨区域劳动力流动的情况下,区域劳动力市场均衡工资趋近最低工资标准,并且不会导致区域就业量的下降。     

最低工资制度对我国区域城镇就业的影响

本文对我国东、中、西部三大区域最低工资制度对城市就业的影响进行了研究,首先,对三大区域最低工资实施概况及特点进行了分析,其次,运用面板数据模型对三大区域最低工资标准对城镇就业的影响进行了计量分析,最后根据模型计量结论提出了相应的政策建议。     

Occupational Segregation and Gender Wage Differentials: Evidence from Malaysia

In Malaysia, the participation of women in the labor market has increased over time. However, occupational segregation and wage differentials continue to be prevalent between men and women in the labor market. The present paper investigates gender‐related occupational segregation and wage differentials based on data collected from 7135 working households in Peninsular Malaysia in 2011. The wage decomposition model introduced by Brown et al. (1980) is used to examine the determinants of gender‐related wage differentials. The results suggest that differences within occupations account for the largest portion of the wage gap between men and women. The results also indicate that wage discrimination within occupations plays an important role in the gender wage gap, while sample selection bias plays an important role in the examination of gender wage gaps.     

The Wage Elasticity of Labour Supply: A Synthesis of Empirical Estimates

Summary This paper performs a meta-analysis of empirical estimates of uncompensated labour supply elasticities. For the Netherlands, we find that an elasticity of 0.5 for women and 0.1 for men is a good reflection of what the literature reveals. The elasticity for men hardly differs between countries, but for women some cross-country variation is found. The increasing participation rate of women may lead to a somewhat lower elasticity in the future. Both the specification of the hours function and the estimation method are found to affect elasticity estimates.      

美国最低工资制度的发展及启示

美国最低工资有联邦与州之分.由于适用普遍性与合理工资水平之间的内在紧张难以消除,最低工资呈向下发展趋势.为了补足最低工资的低水平,20世纪90年代,一些地方政府启动了生活工资立法,形成新的最低工资形式.我国最低工资实施的背景与美国有相似之处,可考虑借鉴其经验,构建多元最低工资结构,这种多元结构应建立在劳动者“参与中心型”的立法机制之上.     

Occupational Segregation and its Effect on Estimates of the Gender Wage Differential: Evidence from Brunei

This paper investigates the impact of the different occupational distributions of the gender groups on the gender wage differential in Brunei. We disaggregate occupational differences into explained and unexplained portions as this can provide better estimates of across-occupation and within-occupation wage differentials. Using data from the Brunei 1995 Labor Force Survey report, results indicated that the gender wage difference is approximately 60%. Unlike other studies, it is found that in Brunei the unexplained portion of occupational segregation has had an impact on gender wage differentials and accounts for approximately one-third of the observed gap. Interestingly, the unexplained component of the within-occupation gap is relatively less than in some developed economies. This is attributed to the effects of the large public sector in Brunei and its regulated pay scales.     

基于消费角度的城乡收入差距分析

在经济的快速发展过程中,消费和收入之间存在着密切的关系。文章运用GE指数及要素分解方法,从消费的角度对收入差距进行分解,分析消费对城乡收入差距的贡献。然后,从居民消费倾向、消费率和消费结构三个方面对城乡收入差距的演变做出进一步的计算分析,从而提出改善居民消费结构、提倡适度消费等缩小城乡收入差距的建议。     

不完善激励工资契约、团队成员流动与互助合作：职业声誉关注的角度

团队业绩导向的不完善激励工资契约和团队成员流动的综合作用对团队成员的职业声誉关注、最优激励工资契约和团队成员的互助合作的影响依赖于团队成员的风险规避程度。当团队成员的风险规避程度足够高时,团队成员的职业声誉关注效应受到激发,委托人通过提高对团队成员互助合作的显性激励强度可以有效促进团队成员的互助合作,而且团队成员的最优互助合作努力水平向上扭曲的程度随着团队成员流动的可能性提高而提高。     

Singapore's Collective Bargaining in a Game of Wage and Exchange Rate Policies

In Singapore's system of tripartite collective bargaining, does the wage-policy maker consistently react optimally to the best move made by the exchange rate-policy maker (Nash-rule) or only to the state of economy (non-Nash rule)? This paper finds that the Nash-rule equilibrium is unstable and thus the non-Nash rule becomes more meaningful. Under the non-Nash rule, the simulated wage growth exhibits a counter-cyclical pattern and increases with the union of workers' bargaining power. The government's role appears to strike a balance between the interests of the employers' and the employees. Consistent with actual observations, the simulated exchange-rate appreciation has acted as a complement to wage growth from 1987 to 1995.

     

非农就业机会不平等对地区间农村收入差距的影响分析

文章通过建立农村收入模型,分析了东、中、西部地区间的农村收入差距。分析结果表明,农村地区间的工资性收入差距是构成农村收入差距的重要因素。区域间农村工业化发展水平和城市非农部门发展水平差异所造成的非农就业机会的不平等,以及农民在获得非农就业机会能力上的差异是导致地区间农村工资性收入差距的主要原因。     

贫富差距的学理演进与引申

缩小贫富差距是改革和发展需要进一步解决的重大问题。贫富差距主要体现在城乡、地区、行业和阶层差距四个方面。学术界关于贫富差距的度量和论争不断,必须理性看待,科学分析。