The marketability of bank assets, managerial rents and banking stability

Financial innovation and greater information availability have increased the tradability of bank assets and have reduced banks’ dependence on individual bank managers. We show that this can have two opposing consequences for banking stability. First, the hold-up problem between bank managers and shareholders becomes less severe. Consequently, banks’ capital structure needs to be less concerned with disciplining the management. Deposits – the most effective disciplining device – can be reduced, increasing banks’ resilience to adverse return shocks. However, limiting the hold-up problem also diminishes bank managers’ rents, reducing their incentives to properly monitor and screen borrowers, with adverse implications for asset quality. Thus, the default risk of banks does not necessarily decline. We argue that this delivers a novel explanation for the origin of the recent subprime crisis.     

异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距

文章引入流动劳动力的异质性结构对传统人力资本溢出理论进行拓展,分析城乡人力资本溢出、劳动力流动对城乡收入差距的影响机理,并基于新古典增长模型和卢卡斯内生增长模型构造收入函数,运用SVAR动态方法,VECM长短期因果检验和预测方差分解对城乡异质型流动人力资本等因素对城乡收入差距变动的影响进行了考察,发现：城乡人力资本流动规模的扩大以及低技能人力资本的流出扩大了收入差距,高技能人力资本的流出缩小了收入差距.由于城乡流动人力资本中低技能型比重偏高,高技能型流动人力资本比重偏低,因此劳动力流动扩大了城乡收入差距.     

Potential Spatial Labor and Human Capital Mobility in China: Evidence from College Admissions Under the National College Entrance Examination System

Abstract:

Higher education in China plays an important role in promoting labor and human capital mobility. In this paper, I empirically address the issue of regional disparities, college admissions under the National College Entrance Examination (CEE) system, and potential interregional labor and human capital mobility in China. The results show that examinees from western provinces have a strong preference for coastal universities, compared with examinees from central provinces. College admissions in China then seem to have a stronger effect on potential labor and human capital movement from the western to the coastal regions than from the central to the coastal regions.     

Labor mobility and antitakeover provisions

How do firms protect their human capital? We test whether firms facing an increased threat of being acquired strengthen their antitakeover provisions (ATPs) in order to bond with their employees. We use the adoption of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD) by US state courts, which exogenously decreases knowledge-worker mobility, thus elevating takeover risk and reducing employee incentives to innovate. Firms respond to the IDD adoption by strengthening ATPs that defend against hostile takeovers, especially when they have greater ex-ante employee mobility and human capital and place greater importance on employee relations. We find no evidence that managers strengthen ATPs for entrenchment or takeover bargaining purposes in this setting. Our findings show that ATPs can be used to credibly commit to employees in order to protect long-term value creation.     

CEO mobility and corporate policy risk

Career concerns can limit a manager's willingness to take risks, which can lead to excessive policy conservatism. An increase in a CEO's ability and willingness to change jobs (CEO mobility) can diversify her human capital and reduce her conservatism. We derive several CEO mobility measures and relate them to a policy riskiness index that captures the overall risk embedded in a firm's corporate policies. We find a strong positive relation between CEO mobility and the riskiness of corporate policies. We also link external regulatory shocks that constrain labor mobility to significant drops in corporate risk-taking.     

Regional capital mobility in China: Economic reform with limited financial integration

This paper assesses the changes in the regional capital mobility in China during the period of economic reform in 1978–2008 by employing a panel time varying coefficient (TVP) model. This approach is much more suitable to model China's evolution in the regional capital mobility than a standard structural break model as China's reforms took place gradually and were often implemented over several stages. Using the TVP model, we find that (1) China's provincial capital mobility demonstrated a moderate improvement over the sample period, but worsened temporarily between 1994 and 1997. This is probably due to the government's effort to combat inflation which reduced the investment and transfers to regions; (2) regions with the most developed and least developed provinces experienced higher degree of capital mobility improvement than those in the middle.     

Regional capital mobility in China: 1978-2006

We examine cross-region capital mobility in China and track how the degree of mobility has changed over time. The effects of fiscal and redistributive activities of different levels of government in China on private capital mobility are taken into account. Our results indicate that there was a significant improvement in capital mobility over time in China, particularly for private capital in the more developed regions. The central and provincial governments, via their taxation, spending, and transfers, loosen the relationship between private saving and investment and appear to promote capital mobility, particularly for less developed regions. There are considerable differences between more and less developed regions in terms of the degree of capital market integration and the improvement in capital mobility over time. The results have important policy implications on global re-balancing as well as regional development gap and risk-sharing within China.     

基于当期收益的人力资本产权价值计量模型与收益分割方法研究

现代企业理论认为,企业是由人力资本和非人力资本组成的一个特别合约。人力资本和非人力资本结合的过程就是创造实现价值(利润)的过程,创造实现的利润理应由人力资本和非人力资本分享。问题在于人力资本产权的价值有多大?这就是计量问题;利润分享中如何确定他们各自占有的比例?这就是收益分割问题。本文对人力资本产权价值计量的相关文献进行了综述,分析了人力资本产权价值计量的基础,提出了“产权收益法”,并构建了一套基于当期收益的人力资本产权价值计量模型与收益分割方法。     

Explaining exchange rate volatility: an empirical analysis of ‘the holy trinity’ of monetary independence, fixed exchange rates, and capital mobility

This paper uses a panel of data from twenty-two countries between 1967 and 1992 to explain exchange rate volatility, focusing on potential tradeoffs between fixed exchange rates, independent monetary policy, and capital mobility. I use monetary models to parameterize monetary divergence and factor analysis to measure capital mobility. Exchange rate volatility is loosely linked to both monetary divergence and the degree of capital mobility. Interestingly, exchange rate volatility is significantly correlated with the width of the explicitly declared exchange rate band, even after taking monetary divergence and capital mobility into account.     

International capital mobility: net versus gross stocks and flows

Feldstein and Horioka (1980) observed that net capital flows have been small in relation to domestic saving and investment flows for OECD countries in the post-war period, which they interpreted as evidence of low capital mobility. This paper argues that the correlation between gross domestic and international financial flows can be a better indicator of capital mobilitythan net capital flows. Contrary to the conventional wisdom among international economists, gross flows have been small in relation to gross domestic asset creation for OECD countries, although by this measure the degree of capital mobility increased in the 1980s.     

Portfolio choice and mortality-contingent claims: The general HARA case

We solve a portfolio choice problem that includes mortality-contingent claims and labor income under general HARA preferences. Our contribution beyond existing literature is to (i) focus on the covariance between shocks to human capital and financial capital, to (ii) model the utility of a family with basic needs and (iii) include life insurance and pension annuity claims in one unified life-cycle model. Our solution employs a “similarity reduction” mapping which reduces the two-dimensional HJB equation into one dimension. This allows for the implementation of a quick numerical scheme. And, when shocks to human capital and financial capital are perfectly correlated, a closed-form expression is obtained as a special case.     

马克思的《资本论》与人力的资本化

马克思的巨著《资本论》中的有关理论包涵着丰富的人力资本思想。本文并不想牵强附会地套用马克思的某些论述来证明其人力资本观,而只希望通过分析马克思的资本理论（其中主要是分析资本特性,资本再生和资本运动总过程的理论）和劳动价值,来探讨人力的资本化问题,其中将重点论述了人力资本的资本特性和人力资本运动总过程问题。     

Capital mobility and the relationship between saving and investment rates in OECD countries

This paper considers tests that use data on saving and investment rates to determine the degree of international capital mobility. Two types of evidence are presented to show that a high correlation between saving and investment rates across OECD countries can be consistent with a high degree of capital mobility. This evidence qualifies the conclusions of previous studies and casts doubt on the usefulness of testing hypotheses about capital mobility with data on saving and investment rates.     

试论企业经营者股权激励与人力资本产权收益

经营者股权激励作为解决经营者代理问题的一种治理机制,符合理论逻辑。但从实践效果看,大量研究表明,经营者股权激励不仅在效率上存在逻辑悖论,而且引发了新的道德风险。本文分析了经营者股权激励低效率的原因,并认为要从根本上解决代理问题,应当确认企业经营者人力资本产权,并赋予经营者人力资本产权收益。在此基础上,对经营者人力资本产权特性、经营者人力资本产权收益及构成、经营者人力资本产权收益的实现方式与模式等问题进行了研究。     

Education policy and tax competition with imperfect student and labor mobility

This paper analyzes the effect of increasing human-capital mobility—i.e. student and labor mobility—on net tax revenues when revenue-maximizing governments compete for human capital by means of income tax rates and amenities offered to students (positive expenditure) or rather tuition fees (negative expenditure). An increase in labor mobility implies neither an intensified tax competition nor an erosion of revenues. In fact, the equilibrium tax rate even increases in labor mobility. Amenities offered to students are non-monotonically related to labor mobility; overall, net revenues increase with labor mobility. An increase in student mobility, however, erodes revenues, mainly due to intensified tax competition. A concurrent cutback in expenditures mitigates this erosion but cannot fully prevent it.     

Portfolio Choice and Life Insurance: The CRRA Case

We solve a portfolio choice problem that includes life insurance and labor income under constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) preferences. We focus on the correlation between the dynamics of human capital and financial capital and model the utility of the family as opposed to separating consumption and bequest. We simplify the underlying Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation using a similarity reduction technique that leads to an efficient numerical solution. Households for whom shocks to human capital are negatively correlated with shocks to financial capital should own more life insurance with greater equity/stock exposure. Life insurance hedges human capital and is insensitive to the family's risk aversion, consistent with practitioner guidance.     

Decentralized capacity management and internal pricing

This paper studies the acquisition and subsequent utilization of production capacity in a multidivisional firm. In a setting where an upstream division provides capacity services for itself and a downstream division, our analysis explores whether the divisions should be structured as investment or profit centers. The choice of responsibility centers is naturally linked to the internal pricing rules for capacity services. As a benchmark, we establish the efficiency of an arrangement in which the upstream division is organized as an investment center, and capacity services to the downstream division are priced at full historical cost. Such responsibility center arrangements may, however, be vulnerable to dynamic hold-up problems whenever the divisional capacity assignments are fungible in the short-run, and therefore, it is essential to let divisional managers negotiate over their actual capacity assignments. The dynamic hold-up problem can be alleviated with more symmetric choice of responsibility centers. The firm can centralize ownership of capacity assets with the provision that both divisions rent capacity on a periodic basis from a central unit. An alternative and more decentralized solution is obtained by a system of bilateral capacity ownership in which both divisions become investment centers.     

财政分权、贸易不平衡与区域间资本流动

本文基于经典的宏观经济理论及储蓄与投资相关关系检验法,采用空间面板模型,对中国的财政分权与贸易不平衡对区域间资本流动性的影响及分地区的资本流动性进行了研究.研究发现,在全国层面,财政分权的提高或贸易不平衡度的降低会促进区域间资本流动,在地区层面,环渤海、东南、西北、中部、西南和东北地区内的资本流动性依次减弱.总体上,为提高区域间资本流动性,政府应进一步财政分权,同时着力降低区域的贸易不平衡度.     

智力资本对经济增长的贡献分析

随着知识经济时代的到来,作为人力资本重要组成部分的智力资本,在经济增长中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文主要从理论和实证的角度对此进行了分析和阐述,并得出结论：一是要加大智力资本的投资力度;二是要提高智力资本投资的效益。     

Saving-investment dynamics and capital mobility in the US and Japan

This paper points out that a high long-run correlation between saving and investment is better interpreted as reflecting the operation of a country's intertemporal budget constraint rather than as an indicator of capital mobility. Inferences about capital mobility can instead be made from the divergent short-run dynamic responses of saving and investment to shocks. Using post-war quarterly data for the US and Japan, the paper assesses the characteristics of saving and investment behavior under different regulatory environments. It finds mixed evidence of changes in the short-run dynamics of saving and investment that suggest increased capital mobility in the 1980s.