湖北省旅游人力资源结构性评析

旅游业是劳动与知识密集型行业,人力资源已经成为旅游业竞争力的关键因素。湖北省旅游业随着中部经济的不断崛起而发展迅猛,从业规模不断扩大,但存在较大“结构失衡与失调”问题,基于结构主义理论,运用社会学调查方法,揭示出湖北旅游业人力资源现状:从业规模结构不合理,旅行社从业人员规模偏小;年龄结构以中青年为主,呈现“年轻化”;职称学历结构不合理,高职称高学历比重偏小;计算机、外语等技能专业比重偏小,外语等技能培训不够;培训力度不够,培训内容、方式有待革新;员工流动性大,离职比重较高等结构失衡问题,并从行业特征、管理绩效、工作强度、社会观念、薪酬晋升等方面揭示其内在原因。     

Evolution of banking efficiency within an unstable macroeconomic environment: the case of Turkish commercial banks

This paper analyses the efficiency performance of the Turkish banking sector between 1988 and 1999, a period characterized by increasing macroeconomic instability. The technical and scale efficiencies of Turkish commercial banks are measured with the use of nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis. The empirical results suggest that over the sample period both pure technical and scale efficiency measures show a great variation and the sector did not achieve sustained efficiency gains. It is also reported that the sector suffers mainly from scale inefficiency and scale inefficiency, in turn, is due to decreasing returns to scale. There are also reported differences in the efficiency performance of commercial banks with different ownership status. In addition, the relationships between profitability, asset quality, size and the two definitions of efficiency are considered. Efficient banks are more profitable, and pure technical efficiency and scale inefficiency are positively related to size. The trend in the performance levels over the period suggests that macroeconomic conditions had a profound influence on the efficiency measures.     

我国高等教育生产率增长、技术进步与效率变化

本文运用Malmquist指数对2003—2008年我国31个省、市、自治区高等教育的生产率变化情况进行分析,然后将其分解为技术进步与效率变化分析生产率变化的动力来源以及各地区的差异,并进一步对高等教育规模扩张与技术进步之间的关系进行研究。研究结果表明:我国高等教育生产率指数显示波动性上升趋势,且主要动力来源于技术进步;高等教育生产率的增长呈现出较大的地区差异性;高等教育的规模扩张与技术进步之间存在显著的负相关关系,当前的技术水平显然不能满足高校的需求。最后针对高等教育生产率变动的特征对高等教育的未来发展提出几点政策建议。     

中国财产保险业效率实证分析

据中国财产保险公司1999年-2003年相关数据统计，通过运用数据包络分析方法（DEA）对各家公司的技术效率的测度和实证分析，表明我国财产保险公司5年内综合技术效率呈锯齿形渡动，极不稳定。在对技术效率进行分解后发现，投入要素用拥挤测度和纯技术效率值比较接近生产前沿面，且规模效率值的变化是造成综合技术效益波动的主要因素。     

Financial liberalization and bank efficiency: a comparative analysis of India and Pakistan

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the evolution of the technical efficiency of commercial banks in India and Pakistan during 1988–1998, a period characterized by far-reaching changes in the banking industry brought about by financial liberalization. Data Envelopment Analysis is applied to two alternative input–output specifications to measure technical efficiency, and to decompose technical efficiency into its two components, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The consistency of the estimated efficiency scores are checked by examining their relationship with three traditional non-frontier measures of bank performance. In addition, the relationship between bank size and technical efficiency is examined. It is found that the overall technical efficiency of the banking industry of both countries improved gradually over the years, especially after 1995. Unlike public sector banks in India, public sector banks in Pakistan witnessed improvement in scale efficiency only. It is also found that banks are relatively more efficient in generating earning assets than in generating income. This is attributed to the presence of high non-performing loans. In addition, it is found that the gap between the pure technical efficiency of different size groups has declined over the years.     

不同规模农户农业生产效率差异及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Tobit模型的实证分析

文章基于小麦主产区4个省份946个不同规模农户的调查数据,利用DEA模型和Tobit回归模型分析了小农户和家庭农场农业生产效率的影响机制。结果表明:家庭农场的农业生产效率明显高于小农户的农业生产效率,家庭农场的生产效率与经营规模呈倒"U"型变化特征;在影响因素方面,土地肥沃程度与农业技术指导对小农户和家庭农场的农业生产效率均有显著正向影响;家庭农场更倾向于通过提高受教育程度和增加单块耕地面积来提升农业生产效率;而小农户的农业生产效率对农户年龄和农户从事农作物种植年限呈现出较强的依赖性。基于此,建议有针对性地加大农业技术指导,适度扩大农业生产经营规模,加强小农户与新型农业经营主体之间的合作与联合,促进农业生产向高质量发展。     

猪肉可追溯系统中农户行为及其影响因素研究——基于北京市农户问卷调查的分析

根据针对北京市生猪养殖农户所做的问卷调查的数据,对猪肉可追溯系统中农户的行为及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:农户在行为方面对猪肉可追溯系统相关要求和规定的实际执行情况总体较好;以农户是否记录"生猪养殖档案"表示的农户行为受到农户的文化程度、养殖规模、生猪养殖收入所占比重、是否接受技术培训、对政府支持政策和无公害猪肉质量标准具体要求的认知程度的影响,并且文化程度越高、养殖规模越大、生猪养殖收入所占比重越高和接受技术培训、对政府支持政策和无公害猪肉质量标准具体要求的认知程度越高的农户记录"生猪养殖档案"的可能性越大。     

The impact of mechanized processing of cassava on farmers’ production efficiency in Uganda

The study investigates the impact of adopting mechanized processing of cassava on farmers’ production efficiency in Uganda. A stochastic production function, using translog functional form, was used to compare efficiency measures of farmers in mechanized cassava-processing villages compared with the farmers in nonmechanized cassava-processing villages in 2014. Given the specification of the translog production function, the mean technical efficiencies of the farmers were 0.69 and 0.52 in mechanized and nonmechanized villages, respectively. The significant determinants of technical inefficiency among the respondents are farming experience, education, membership of farmer association, access to markets, sale of cassava to processors and farmers who planted cassava as sole crop are all negative, which confirm to a priori expectations and significant at different levels. The policy implication of the study is that mechanization of cassava processing, particularly if done at the right scale, could create demand that can transform primary production for increased yields, higher incomes and production efficiency of smallholder farmers who constitute a significant proportion of Uganda’s agricultural sector.     

Technical and scale efficiencies of meat goat farms in the USA

This study determines i) scale and technical efficiencies, ii) marginal productive contributions for inputs and outputs and iii) efficiency drivers of meat goat farms in the USA. We estimate an input distance function (IDF) using a stochastic production frontier (SPF) technique. The average technical efficiency (TE) for the USA meat goat whole farm was 0.74. The operator education level, percentage of annual net farm income from the goat operation, regional differences and holding of an off farm job are the efficiency drivers of USA meat goat farms. We find increasing returns to scale (RTS) for USA meat goat farms. Our results suggest that USA meat goat farms can be scale efficient if their optimal size of operation is greater than approximately 64 goats or greater than 40 breeding does. Empirical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques show the consistency of finite-sample properties for the input distance function.     

区域“大众创业，万众创新”效率评价

以中国内地31个省（市）数据为基础,以“大众创业,万众创新”（简称“双创”）的本质及特征为依据,构建了一套区域“双创”效率评价指标体系。运用三阶段DEA方法,在控制环境因素的基础上考察了各地区“双创”投入产出转化效率。研究显示,目前各区域“双创”效率发展不均衡,规模效率和纯技术效率除个别地区达到1以外,其它地区都存在不同程度的效率缺损。最后,根据规模效率和纯技术效率大小,对31个省市的“双创”效率进行四分图归纳,根据归纳结果提出了相应的解决措施,可为“双创”可持续发展提供参考依据。     

地方政府公共文化支出效率及影响因素——基于广东21个地级市的实证分析

在DEA-Tobit两阶段分析框架下,使用2000～2009年广东21个地级市的面板数据,研究了广东地方政府公共文化支出效率。通过数据包络分析方法(DEA)评价各地方政府公共文化支出的综合效率、纯技术效率和规模技术效率,利用受限因变量Tobit模型对效率评价结果与其影响因素之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,广东地方政府的公共文化支出效率存在显著的差异,而造成这种效率差异的重要原因主要包括财政分权和文化政策等政策变量、人均GDP、人口密度和居民受教育水平等经济及社会因素。     

金融发展与全要素生产率增长* ——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文以2000-2012年中国省际平衡面板数据为样本,从金融规模发展和金融效率发展两个维度衡量金融发展水平,实证检验金融发展与全要素生产率增长的联系以及中间渠道。研究结果发现,2000-2012年中国全要素生产率出现正增长且主要是由技术进步推动的;无论是从金融规模发展角度还是从金融效率发展角度去分析,都证实了金融发展显著地促进了全要素生产率的增长,金融效率发展的全要素生产率增长效应显著地高于金融发展规模的全要素生产率增长效应,且金融发展促进全要素生产率增长的中间渠道是技术进步效应而非技术效率增长效应;通过引入衡量金融发展缺陷程度指标（民间金融发展规模）,证实了中国金融发展体系效率低下。民间金融发展具有TFP增长效应,且民间金融发展TFP增长效应要显著地大于正规金融发展的TFP增长效应。     

Training policies and economic growth in an evolutionary world

The role of training and human capital accumulation as a source of innovation and growth is studied within an evolutionary microsimulation model. Firms within the model learn about technology through radical/incremental innovation and imitation. General human capital increases the probability of innovation whereas specific human capital increases technical efficiency. Firms endogenously determine the level of investment in fixed and current assets, R&D activities, and education and training. Human capital accumulation through investment in education and training is shown to be a source of economic growth even though firms tend to under-invest in these activities because they cannot fully recoup training costs when workers quit. The paper investigates the effects of various training policies on macro-performance. The first policy is to subsidise all education and training activities. The second policy requires firms to spend a certain percentage of the wage bill on training activities. In the third case, the government subsidises training activities if the firm hires unemployed people, and pays the social security contributions for 1 year. We experiment with these policies because many European countries adopt similar policies to cure the unemployment problem and to enhance economic growth. By running 101 experiments for each policy, increasing the parameter value step by step, we are able to test the impact of training policies on macro-economic performance (manufacturing growth rates, unemployment, etc.), and to estimate policy elasticities through econometric techniques. The results suggest that some subsidy policies are effective in improving the long-run macro-performance while a minimum requirement to train set upon firms is not.     

基于投入的科技资源配置效率及其分解研究

基于非参数生产前沿面理论,运用生产资源配置效率测度软件Frontiers Ver2.0,对湖北省自然科学R&D机构的科技资源配置效率进行测算,并对分解的规模效率、投入可处置度和纯技术效率进行分析。测算结果表明:从横向比较来看,研发机构存在不同程度的效率损失;从历时特征来看,分地区、分行业到分隶属部门的科研机构的平均技术效率波动的幅度逐渐平缓,而且效率值稳步提升。分解的配置效率显示,投入规模效率是制约湖北自然科学研发机构效率提升的主要因素。     

基于DEA方法的农作物成本效率测度及区域特征分析——以大豆为例

农作物的成本效率是影响农业生产的重要因素。以大豆为例,利用DEA的成本效率模型对2004—2008年大豆的成本效率进行测度,并从纯技术效率、规模效率和配置效率三个方面对其进行分析。同时,结合变异系数比较了大豆主产区的不同成本效率特征,并分析了纯技术效率、规模效率和配置效率对成本效率造成的影响。结果表明,大豆的成本效率并不高,配置效率是主要影响因素,因此应调整资源配置以提高成本效率。另外,大豆主产区之间的成本效率相差较大,应调整大豆生产区域以发挥地区比较优势。     

Analyses of technical efficiency using SDF and DEA models: evidence from Nepalese agriculture

Alleviation of poverty is a central issue in Nepal. Given the limited stock of land and the infant/unorganized manufacturing sector, increased demand for food has to be satisfied by improving production efficiency. This article examines how this could be achieved. Stochastic distance function and data envelopment analysis models identify the existence of a high degree of technical inefficiency in Nepalese agriculture, suggesting that there is a substantial prospect of increasing agricultural productivity using the existing level of inputs and resources more efficiently. Among the three farm sizes in the data set, medium size farmers achieve a higher technical efficiency than large and small farm sizes, suggesting that productive efficiency can be increased with the encouragement of creating medium size holdings. The observed decreasing returns to scale also implies that productivity gains could be achieved by breaking up of large farms into small family farms. The technical inefficiency model suggests the potential for shifting the production frontier upwards by providing ownership of land, increasing farmers’ education and knowledge, and increasing land quality, including irrigation facilities.     

An application of the DEA double bootstrap to examine sources of efficiency in Bangladesh rice farming

In this article we examine sources of technical efficiency for rice farming in Bangladesh. The motivation for the analysis is the need to close the rice yield gap to enable food security. We employ the DEA double bootstrap of Simar and Wilson (2007) to estimate and explain technical efficiency. This technique overcomes severe limitations inherent in using the two-stage DEA approach commonly employed in the efficiency literature. From a policy perspective our results show that potential efficiency gains to reduce the yield gap are greater than previously found. Statistically positive influences on technical efficiency are education, extension and credit, with age being a negative influence.     

国有商业银行与股份制商业银行生产效率的比较研究

本文采用基于投入的DEA方法 ,比较了加入WTO之前我国国有商业银行与股份制商业银行的生产效率。我们把存款当作产出 ,选取 1999年～ 2 0 0 1年十四家全国性商业银行为样本 ,计算出银行的技术效率 ,并将技术效率分解为纯技术效率和规模效率 ,确定银行的规模报酬变化。我们从银行的技术有效性、整体效率、技术无效性原因和规模报酬四个方面对国有和股份制商业银行进行了比较分析 ,研究国有商业银行与股份制商业银行之间的差距 ,并分析了原因。     

Sources of efficiency,productivity and output growth in Botswana agriculture

The purpose of this study is to explore reasons for the decline in agricultural performance in Botswana that has occurred during the implementation of a variety of policy measures, as well as the introduction of new technologies, and to identify ways in which it might be reversed. Panel data from six regions in Botswana (period 1979–2012) is analyzed with a stochastic output distance function and inefficiency effects model. We decompose agricultural output growth into; total factor productivity (TFP ) and changes in input use (factors of production). TFP is further decomposed into scale effects, technical efficiency and technological change. The results show that over the study period agricultural output grew at a very low rate of 0.072 percent per year, which is largely due to a growth in factors of production at 0.071 percent per year rather than TFP growth (which declined at 0.003 percent per year). We found that the decline in productivity has been due to technological regress and low growth in technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Policy options aimed at improving agricultural productivity and output growth will require the strengthening of extension services; improving the agronomic and husbandry management skills of farmers through training; and by encouraging farmers to adopt and utilize technologies that have been provided under existing policy programs.     

区域经济发展对高等职业教育发展的影响研究

区域经济的发展水平和产业结构,决定着高等职业教育发展的规模与速度,制约着高等职业教育的专业设置和课程开发,影响着高等职业院校毕业生的就业流向与就业质量。高等职业教育作为地方上高等级教育资源,将为区域经济发展提供高质量的人才支撑、高标准的培训服务、高水平的技术支持。区域经济与高职教育的战略互补关系,将为区域经济可持续发展提供不竭动力,也为高职教育可持续发展提供更大空间。