名词链接

即期外汇交易:是以双方约定的汇率交换两种不同的货币,并在一到两个营业日后进行清算的外汇交易。远期外汇交易:是指外汇买卖双方预先签订远期外汇买卖合同,规定买卖的币种、金额、汇率及未来交割的时间,在约定的到期日由买卖双方按约定的汇率办理收付交割的外汇交易。询价交易:是指相互有授信关系的外汇交易主体,直接就所要交易货币的币种、金额、汇率及未来交意见后确认成交的交易方式。集中竞价:集中竞价外汇交易是指市场上多个交易主体之间,同时通过某一交易系统或平台,按一定的竞价规则进行外汇交易的方式。例如,目前我国银行间外汇市…     

不同交易机制之比较分析

对不同的交易机制进行了比较分析 ,侧重研究了做市商制度 ,并结合我国实情对我国创业板市场交易制度进行了探讨 ,提出建立以竞价交易方式为主 ,做市商制度为辅的混合交易机制。     

大力发展债券场外市场

当人们从金融市场组织形式角度划分金融市场时，金融市场便可分为场内市场和场外市场。场内市场是指在某个交易场所按集中竞价、撮合成交的指令驱动方式进行金融交易的市场。在集中的交易场所之外按照询价方式进行交易的金融市场，就是场外市场。场外市场的交易方式相当灵活，通过电话、传真、互联网都可达成交易。欧洲一些国家广泛运用电子     

市场稳步发展，交易日趋活跃 2006年银行间外汇市场运行报告

2006年银行间外汇市场成交活跃，尤其是掉期交易快速发展，成交量逐月放大。交易品种不断丰富，询价交易方式的引入，做市商制度的引进和完善，人民币外汇掉期交易、英镑对人民币交易的推出，竞价交易时间的延长进一步促进了市场的稳步发展。美元兑人民币汇率波动走低，全年跌幅达3．24％。     

做市商：如何能获取更多利润

2006年1月，银行间外汇市场正式引入人民币对外汇交易做市商制度。其后，由做市商控制的询价交易制度凭其成本优势（同笔交易费用仅为竞价交易的1／30），交易方式灵活（可自选交割日、对话成交）而迅速受到市场青睐，从而取代旧有的竞价交易方式成为市场主要交易方式。做市商制度启动后，从规则上看，央行不再直接参与询价市场交易，做市商取而代之成为市场主导力量。做市商作为央行的代理人，在承担提供流动性义务的同时，也获得了人民币的定价权。那么，这样的权利和义务，会给做市商带来什么呢？     

散户投资者如何影响债券价格？——基于交易所同一只信用债的价格差分析

交易所债券市场存在竞价交易和大宗交易两种方式,由于交易门槛限制,散户投资者只能参与竞价交易。本文考察同一只信用债、同一天在两种交易方式下的价格差,以识别散户投资者的影响。实证结果发现:竞价交易下的债券价格显著更高,并且高收益率债券的交易更为频繁,说明竞价交易下的投资者可能存在片面追逐收益率而忽视基本面的特点。进一步分析发现,在散户需求更大(如票面利率更高、认知度更高)的债券上,价格差也更大,说明散户投资者对高收益率债券的需求是竞价交易价格更高的主因之一。本文还提供证据说明,价格差的持续存在主要是由于套利限制而不是由流动性溢价所导致。最后,本文考察了“云南城投债危机”这一外生冲击对价格差的影响,得到了与上述一致的结论。     

银行间市场电子交易系统建设的回顾与展望

经过13年的建设发展，中国外汇交易中心形成了依托专线网、互联网、声讯网三种接入方式的交易、清算、信息、监管等四大电子服务平台，面向银行间外汇、债券、货币、票据四个市场，提供询价、做市、竞价三种交易方式和交易、清算、信息三种市场服务，并成为人民币汇率和利率的定价中心。基于我国银行间市场电子交易系统建设的经验、市场发展的需要以及国际发展趋势，交易中心已经开始实施新的系统建设战略。     

股份回购新规定发布

中国证监会10月9日正式发布《关于上市公司以集中竞价交易方式回购股份的补充规定》,不再对回购期间的现金分红作出强制限制,同时增加了加强实时监测防范内幕交易的内容。     

产权交易模式探索——公开竞价机制在国有企业产权交易中的应用

国有企业产权如何定价一直是产权交易过程中的一大难题。本文通过分析协议转让、拍卖、招投标三种交易方式的弊端以及公开竞价的比较优势,进一步讨论了公开竞价的实现条件,得出了公开竞价机制能够更好地实现资源的优化配置,更加有效地防范国有资产流失的结论,在此基础上分析了公开竞价机制在推行中的问题,提出了相关建议。     

现代信息技术下外汇交易形式的变革

任何外汇交易最终都是通过OTC或者集中撮合两种交易形式完成的。OTC交易和集中撮合交易有着各自不同的特点，满足了不同外汇交易的需求。现代信息技术的运用发展和完善了OTC交易和集中撮合交易，同时使它们之间的区别越来越小，特别是使两种交易方式所产生的汇率逐渐趋于一致。未来外汇交易形式发展的趋势是电子化，电子自动交易系统将会融合OTC交易和集中撮合交易形式。     

Hawkes model for price and trades high-frequency dynamics

We introduce a multivariate Hawkes process that accounts for the dynamics of market prices through the impact of market order arrivals at microstructural level. Our model is a point process mainly characterized by four kernels associated with, respectively, the trade arrival self-excitation, the price changes mean reversion, the impact of trade arrivals on price variations and the feedback of price changes on trading activity. It allows one to account for both stylized facts of market price microstructure (including random time arrival of price moves, discrete price grid, high-frequency mean reversion, correlation functions behaviour at various time scales) and the stylized facts of market impact (mainly the concave-square-root-like/relaxation characteristic shape of the market impact of a meta-order). Moreover, it allows one to estimate the entire market impact profile from anonymous market data. We show that these kernels can be empirically estimated from the empirical conditional mean intensities. We provide numerical examples, application to real data and comparisons to former approaches.     

Anonymity,liquidity and fragmentation

We examine the effects of the removal of broker identifiers from the central limit order book of the Australian Stock Exchange. We find that spreads and order aggressiveness decline, and order book depth increases, with the introduction of anonymous trading. This is consistent with the hypothesis that limit order traders are more willing to expose their orders when they can do so anonymously. Anonymous markets attract order flow from non-anonymous substitute markets, but this effect is only seen in large stocks. Our results suggest that exchanges operating in fragmented markets should consider anonymous trading to improve price competition and liquidity, although some of these benefits may be significant only if the stocks are sufficiently large and liquid.     

Intraday Price Discovery in the DJIA Index Markets

Abstract:  This paper explores the dynamics of price discovery between the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index and its three derivative products: the DIAMOND exchange-traded fund (ETF), the floor-traded regular futures, and the electronically traded mini futures. Even though the American Stock Exchange is the primary listing exchange for the ETF, the analysis indicates that the electronically traded ETF on the Archipelago (ArcaEx) electronic communications network dominates the price discovery process for DIAMOND shares. The E-mini futures contribute the most to price discovery, followed by the ArcaEx DIAMOND. The DJIA index and regular futures contribute least to price discovery. The analysis is repeated using the derivatives of the S&P 500 index as a robustness check. The results indicate that multi-market trading ensures greater pricing efficiency. Informed traders favor electronic trading because of immediate and anonymous trade execution.     

Price Clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

This paper examines price clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). Regardless of tick and lot size, prices ending in zero and five are the most popular. The TSE has no market makers or direct negotiation between traders; therefore, clustering is not explained by collusion or negotiation. Our evidence supports the attraction hypothesis. Clustering also extends to order book depth. There is evidence of strategic trading behavior as traders place orders one price tick better than zero and five to avoid queuing orders at prices ending in these digits. Strategic trading behavior declined and clustering increased when the market became anonymous.     

The selling and seasoning of investment company offerings

This article investigates the initial and subsequent pricing of Closed-End Investment Company (CEIC) shares offered to the public from 1986 through 1987. Unlike other equities, these showed no abnormal price appreciation at the offering; however, the new CEICs experience significant price declines in the 20 weeks following the offering. The evaporation of the initial premium begins approximately four weeks after the offering date, a lag that coincides with the period of time during which underwriters may cease supporting share prices in the secondary market.The authors thank John D. Jackson, Sam Peltzman, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.     

A market microstructure model with random overlapping information asymmetries

This note modifies the popular market microstructure model of Easley and O'Hara [1992. Time and the process of security price adjustment. Journal of Finance 47, 577–605] by including random overlapping information asymmetries in continuous time. This modification allows expected adverse selection costs to vary according to the random arrival and assimilation of information.     

American options: the EPV pricing model

Summary We explicitly solve the pricing problem for perpetual American puts and calls, and provide an efficient semi-explicit pricing procedure for options with finite time horizon. Contrary to the standard approach, which uses the price process as a primitive, we model the price process as the expected present value of a stream, which is a monotone function of a Lévy process. Certain processes exhibiting mean-reverting, stochastic volatility and/or switching features can be modeled this way. This specification allows us to consider assets that pay no dividends at all when the level of the underlying stochastic factor is too low, assets that pay dividends at a fixed rate when the underlying stochastic process remains in some range, or capped dividends.The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions.     

Framing Effects in Stock Market Forecasts: The Difference Between Asking for Prices and Asking for Returns

Studies analyzing return expectations of financial market participantslike fund managers, CFOs or individual investors are highlyinfluential in academia and practice. We argue and show thatthe results in these surveys above are easily influenced bythe elicitation mode of return expectations. Surveys that askfor future stock price levels are more likely to produce meanreverting expectations than surveys that directly ask for futurereturns. Furthermore, we conduct a questionnaire study thatexplicitly analyzes whether the specific elicitation mode affectsreturn expectations in the above direction. In our study, subjectswere asked to state mean forecasts for seven time series. Usinga between subject design, one half of the subjects was askedto state future price levels, the other group was directly askedfor returns. We observe a highly significant framing effect.For upward sloping time series, the return forecasts statedby investors in the return forecast mode are significantly higherthan those derived for investors in the price forecast mode.For downward sloping time series, the return forecasts givenby investors in the return forecast mode are significantly lowerthan those derived for investors in the price forecast mode.We argue that this finding is consistent with behavioral theoriesof investor expectation formation based on the representativenessheuristic.     

Market Maker Quotation Behavior and Pretrade Transparency

We examine the impact of differing levels of pretrade transparency on the quotation behavior of Nasdaq market makers. We find that market makers are more likely to quote on odd ticks, and to actively narrow the spread, when they can do so anonymously by posting limit orders on Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs). From a public policy perspective, our findings suggest that making the level of pretrade transparency on Nasdaq more opaque by allowing anonymous quotes could improve price competition and narrow spreads further.     

A computational study on general equilibrium pricing of derivative securities

This paper analyses the accuracy of replicating portfolio methods in predicting asset prices. In a two-period, general equilibrium model with incomplete financial markets and heterogeneous agents, a computational study is conducted under various distributional assumptions. The focus is on the price of a call option on an underlying risky asset. There is evidence that the value of the (approximate) replicating portfolio is a good approximation for the general equilibrium price for CRRA preferences, but not for CARA preferences. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the introduction of the call option reduces market incompleteness, but that the price of the underlying asset is unchanged. There is, however, inconclusive evidence on the welfare effects of the option. The author thanks Dolf Talman, Andrew Somerville, an anonymous referee, and an Associate Editor for helpful comments. Research funding from the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences is gratefully acknowledged.