Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture and the Interests of Asian‐Pacific Economies

This paper describes recent and ongoing processes of technological change in agriculture, which has become a highly R&D‐intensive sector in many countries of the Asia‐Pacific region. It also considers the role of various forms of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in promoting such technological changes and in affecting their diffusion through the region. A central part of the discussion is a review of how these various IPRs operate and are protected in major economies of the region. There is an assessment of the economic interests of key countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, in global and regional policy evolution in agricultural IPRs. These interests are a mix of comparative advantage in farming, which is quite distinctive among these countries, and the technological basis of production, which is more convergent. A review of available measures of innovation in the region suggests that all of these economies are active in developing new agricultural technologies, although there is considerable specialisation in the types of processes developed. Given this mix of divergence in comparative costs and convergence in technology interests, it is difficult to describe sharply the preferences these economies may have in continued globalisation of agricultural IPRs. However, the analysis points to some areas in which countries may continue to specialise – thereby retaining the ability to remain in specific areas of farming – and other fields in which international collaboration may be sensible.     

按市场化原则加快国有流通企业产权制度改革和集团化运营

2004年底我国流通领域将进一步对外开放，随着跨国公司的全面渗透中国，我国流通企业面临着机遇和挑战。在调查研究的基础上，笔者认为，应按市场化原则加快我国国有流通企业改革。     

Intellectual Property Rights,FDI, R&D and Economic Growth: A Cross‐country Empirical Analysis

This paper aims to empirically examine how intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection, foreign direct investment (FDI) and research and development (R&D), along with other possible variables, may affect the economic growth of the host country. Using the panel data of 92 countries during 1970–2007, I conclude from the system generalised method of moments estimation that domestic investment share, FDI, R&D capacity, openness to trade, human capital and IPRs protection all have statistically significant and positive impacts on economic growth. A further investigation of countries at different levels of development suggests two striking findings. First, besides the domestic investment, openness, human capital and IPRs protection, R&D is the key to drive economic growth in the higher‐income countries, while FDI is the engine of growth in both higher‐income and middle‐income countries. Second, a positive and significant impact of IPRs protection on economic growth is found in both higher‐income and lower‐income countries. However, such an impact is not detected in the middle‐income countries.     

Dissipative Competition: Evidence from a Quasi‐Natural Experiment

We document that contrary to the conventional view, the costs of domestic firms in terms of selling, general and administrative expenses and cost of goods sold increase significantly following exogenous shocks that increase competition, namely material import tariff cuts affecting US manufacturing industries over the period 1974–2005. Incompatible with an agency explanation, the cost increase is more pronounced among firms with higher CEO/insider/board ownership. We further find that the cost increase is more evident among firms with smaller market share and among focused firms. Generally, our results are consistent with the notion of ‘dissipative competition’ discussed in the seminal papers by Tullock.     

论市场经济的主体产权及其产权实现

国有企业的改革是我国经济改革重点,也是难点。论市场经济的主体产权及其产权实现是从产权角度探讨我国国企改革的新思路。市场经济的本质特征是主体产权经济,产权关系的清晰是市场交换的基本前提,产权的明确和保护是规范人们间财产关系的必要条件,产权安排是经济社会中最重要的制度安排,主体产权经济是进一步从理论上得出如何结合我国国情实现合理有效的产权制度。     

Joint Effort to Resolve Disputes in Intellectual Property Rights

Recently,at an intellectual property dispute mediation seminar held by the CCPIT Mediation Center,a second batch of 10 experts appointed by the intellectual property professional committee was announced.These 10 experts are senior scholars,former judges and intellectual property experts with significant influence in the field of intellectual property in China and abroad.They have a lot of varied working experience and deep theoretical knowledge in the settlement of intellectual property disputes.Lu Pengqi,Deputy Chairman of the CCPIT and chairman of the CPPIT Mediation Center,said at the seminar that as a trade and investment promotion agency,the CCPIT has been attaching great importance to resolving intellectual property disputes through arbitration and mediation when connecting with government and enterprises.     

CISG中卖方知识产权担保责任探究

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第42条规定了国际贸易中卖方应承担的知识产权担保责任,中国学界尚未对其进行深入探讨。结合该公约第42条的规定,本文首先对知识产权担保责任的内涵进行了界定,提出并论述了卖方承担知识产权担保责任的前提,即"第三方对货物基于知识产权而拥有权利和要求"、"第三方提出的权利和要求仅限于特定的国家"和"卖方知情"。在"买方知情"和"遵从买方指示"的情况下可以免除卖方担保责任。中国企业可以在国际贸易中加入"由买方承担查询义务"的合同条款规避知识产权风险。     

Determinants of Success of Employer Branding in a Start‐up Firm in Nigeria

This article aims at providing an understanding of factors that determine the success and failure of employer branding. An African steel‐producing start‐up company developed an employer brand image, which enabled it to effectively attract and hire talent from the labor market and inspired high engagement and productivity. A few years later, the firm lost its attractive brand image and its employer brand loyalty also declined. The study is a longitudinal investigation, and data were collected from policies and through structured interviews with the employees, ex‐employees of the organization, and prospective employees. Findings show amazing success of the employer brand in the first six years in talent attraction, hiring, engagement, and retention. Thereafter, the brand lost its potency, and its dysfunctionality significantly impacted on the future of the firm—employee dissatisfaction, decline in productivity, and increase in turnover. The reasons include a toxic organizational environment, overbranding, failure to keep promises, disconnect between employer branding and human resource strategy, shift of emphasis by senior management from people to production, and lack of a dynamic and differentiated employee value proposition. The study offers practical lessons to managers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Services

I review the various interrelationships between innovation in service industries and the need for intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. A number of service sectors engage in significant innovation, particularly in information technologies, the internet, digital entertainment, and financial services, suggesting that IPR are of increasing importance in those areas. Other service sectors have not made much use of IPR to date but emerging patterns of innovation indicates that doing so will become a more central element of commercial strategy. A review of available survey evidence supports these views. I discuss how fundamental principles of IPR may be applied to various services and note certain gaps in policy regimes that should be filled in order to meet the needs of these sectors.     

Intellectual Property Rights in China: The Changing Political Economy of Chinese–American Interests

We review the evolution of modern Chinese intellectual property right (IPR) laws and enforcement and explore economic and political forces involved in international conflicts over Chinese IPR protection. Our analysis considers why the US and China moved from conflict to cooperation over intellectual property rights. Structural and institutional aspects of the political economy of IPRs within each country are considered, and data on Chinese‐US trade in intellectual property‐intensive goods are examined. We conclude that although enforcement of IPRs within China continues to be relatively weak, Chinese IPR institutions are converging on those in the OECD nations.     

跨国公司内部贸易的无形资产产权界定分析

本文认为,目前跨国公司内部贸易成了国际贸易一种重要形式,界定跨国公司内部转让的无形资产产权不仅是确定转让价格是否符合正常交易价格标准的关键环节,也可加强防范跨国公司通过将无形资产在跨国子公司之间内部转移,人为地操纵转移价格,损害东道国税收利益。美国以及OECD(经济合作与发展组织)就有关跨国转让无形资产产权归属问题制定了一系列相关规则。我国在制定关于跨国公司内部转让无形资产方面的法律规范时,首先要界定产权归属,在这方面可以借鉴国际有关经验特别是美国的有关规定,在主张法定所有者对受法律保护的无形资产享有控制权并获得由无形资产带来的收益的同时,对不受法律保护的无形资产则可适用开发商——协助商法则。     

中国知识产权保护攀高与超标的思考

对知识产权的保护十分必要,但不能攀高与超标。目前,我国在知识产权保护的某些方面存在着攀高与超标倾向。本文对《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(TRIPs协定)主张“无过错责任总原则”提出了质疑,对如何认识和理解该协定的最低标准及防止知识产权保护的攀高与超标趋势提出了建议。     

我国会计信息产权研究述评

会计信息与产权有着天然的联系,具有产权属性。合理的会计信息产权结构,有利于发挥产权功能,提高产权效率,减少会计信息外部性,改善会计信息质量。我国会计信息产权研究界对其产权属性及其归属的认识存在较大分歧。应以企业制度变迁为背景辩证看待其属性,深入理解会计信息产权的本质。     

Induced Innovation,Endogenous Technical Change and Income Distribution in a Labor‐Constrained Model of Classical Growth

We present a steady state analysis of a labor‐constrained classical growth model with endogenous direction and intensity of technical change. Firms use retained profits to raise their productive capacity and to improve labor and capital productivities. Investments are planned to maximize instantaneous profits. Comparative dynamics exercises show that (1) an increase in the saving rate and in R&D subsidies raises the steady state labor share, labor productivity growth and the employment rate, and (2) a rise in workers' bargaining power reduces the employment rate while leaving productivity growth and distribution unaffected.     

Encouraging Tax‐Time Savings with a Low‐Touch,Large‐Scale Intervention: Evidence from the Refund to Savings Experiment

Low‐ and moderate‐income households often struggle to save, but the annual tax refund represents a prime opportunity for these households to save toward their financial goals or build their emergency savings. This paper presents the results of a randomized, controlled experiment embedded in a free tax‐preparation product offered in 2013 to low‐ and moderate‐income households. The experiment involved approximately 470,000 filers and assessed the impact of behavioral interventions on their savings behaviors. The results show that filers exposed to the treatments, which involved the established behavioral‐economics techniques of anchoring, choice architecture, and persuasive messaging, were more likely than a control group to save their tax refund and, on average, saved more of the refund. A follow‐up survey of these tax filers found that the treatments were associated with saving more of the tax refund six months after filing. The findings also show that anchors encouraging filers to deposit certain amounts are more effective than persuasive messaging emphasizing savings.     

企业内部分工的产权解析

本文重新界定了企业产权的内涵,分析了企业的产权构成,认为企业产权包括直接产权与间接产权,企业在商品经济条件下的两种存在方式:物质形态和价值形态分别规定了企业产权的内容,使企业产权进一步分化为物质产权与价值产权;阐述了企业内部分工的产权原因,认为企业直接产权与间接产权的不同关系是企业内部分工的产权原因,企业的不同产权在企业财富创造过程中的作用及其方式是有差异的,正是这种差异决定了其产权主体在企业内部的作用和地位,解析了四种企业制度中企业直接产权与间接产权的关系及其导致的分工状况。