FIRM AND GOVERNMENT AS ACTORS IN PENROSE'S PROCESS THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL GROWTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE RESOURCE-BASED VIEW AND OWNERSHIP–LOCATION– INTERNATIONALISATION PARADIGM

Edith Penrose's The Theory of the Growth of the Firm proposed a process theory of growth based on the pursuit of knowledge by the firm and unconstrained by government. In her subsequent studies of foreign direct investment by large firms in developing countries, Penrose considers the firm and government as actors in the same growth process. This paper explores the development of Penrose's expanded process theory of growth from 1955 to 1973 in which she assumes that neither dual actors nor foreign expansion requires a new or special theory. This finding has implications for the resource-based view and the eclectic ownership–location–internationalisation paradigm interpretations of international business.     

Comparison of Effects from Different Institutions: Public Credit Guarantee in Korea*

We aim to compare the activities of the two main credit guarantee institutions in Korea. There has been mounting criticism that although these institutions were mandated to play different roles in financing small and medium‐sized enterprises (SME), their operations are, in fact, similar, and many SME receive overlapping support from both institutions. Using the propensity score matching method (allowing for multiple, mutually exclusive support scenarios) to compare the effects of PCG on different institutions, the present study provides suggestions to help the government make decisions regarding the consolidation of PCG funds. The results suggest that the institutions function differently and target different SME. However, overlapping support enables firms to expand their sales only, indicating the existence of inefficiency in the case of overlapping support to firms.     

Institutional Pluralism and Housing Delivery: A Case of Unforeseen Conflicts in Mumbai, India

This paper demonstrates how institutional pluralism in the delivery of housing can evoke major disagreements and ultimately conflict between different stakeholders. The case study focuses on a case of slum redevelopment in Mumbai and shows how a major nongovernment organization (NGO) became involved in conflicts with the other stakeholders, including private market actors, government agencies and even the community group. But, these conflicts did not necessarily have only negative impacts. Under certain conditions, such as when property values were booming in Mumbai, communities can actually benefit from such conflicts.     

A double-edged sword: the impact of institutions and political relations on the international market expansion of Chinese state-owned enterprises

This study examines the interaction of three factors, the involvement of the home country government, of host country institutions and of bilateral political relations, as they affect the post-entry market expansion of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in emerging, developing and developed countries. This study employs the case study method. The findings show that home country government involvement can either support or constrain SOEs’ subsequent market expansion. In emerging and developing countries, underdeveloped institutions create difficulties which can deter the market expansion of Chinese SOEs. In developed host countries, the challenges associated with unfamiliar institutions can be overcome through experiential learning. The political relations between the host country and China may influence the impact of institutions in the host country on the market expansion of Chinese SOEs.     

对我国加入世贸组织进入后过渡期的分析和思考

我国加入世贸组织三年多来,通过履行义务与享受权利相结合,积极主动应对各种挑战,抓住机遇加快自身发展,有力地推进了改革开放和现代化建设,增强了更好利用国际国内两个市场、两种资源的能力,提高了综合国力和国际竞争力。但应对工作才刚刚破题,进入后过渡期,需要总结经验,完善政策,更加突出地强调调整结构、转变经济增长方式和创新管理等,着力转变政府职能,改革政府工作体制机制和方式,立足于做好长期应对工作,全面提高应对工作水平。     

区域经济发展中的知识产权保护研究——以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

区域经济对我国整体经济飞速发展的贡献越来越大,因而对知识产权的保护也就显得越来越重要。区域知识产权保护的主要着力点应是政府的公共政策和行政行为的支持,再者企业应当加强自身知识产权保护的意识并采取相关措施来保护。     

Institutions for the taking: property rights and the settlement of the Cape Colony, 1652–1750

We examine the formation of property rights in land during the early settlement by the Dutch of the Cape Colony at the southern tip of Africa. After its founding in 1652 as a provisioning outpost for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the colonial government promoted settlement initially by granting land with well-specified and enforced property rights in restricted zones near Cape Town. By 1714 it transitioned to accommodate rapidly expanding settlement by creating a weaker form of property rights, the loan farm, which was imprecisely defined and had limited government enforcement. We develop a profit-maximizing monopsony model to explain the VOC's choice to transition from the better-specified land grant to the less well-specified loan farm. We conclude that the decline in the population size and ability of the Khoikhoi, the Cape's original inhabitants, to organize effective resistance to the Dutch invasion was critical to the transition, as it lowered the costs of private enforcement of settlers’ territorial claims. The choice of property rights thus enabled and encouraged the rapid taking by European settlers of the western Cape of Africa for the expansion of the Dutch colony's pastoral economy.     

合作视域下政府与社会利益协调机制探析

城市社区业主维权日渐成为一种不可小觑的社会现象,关系着国家稳定与社会和谐。从理论上阐释了国内外政府与社会关系变化分析,建立二者之间相互依存、相得益彰的新型合作伙伴关系。以个案实证分析了政府与社会的利益协调取决于维权精英进行适当的角色定位、理性的运作策略和有效的资源整合以及政府做出了"吸纳与合作"的回应,进而实现政府与社会间的良性互动。     

产权理论框架下小产权房开发管制研究

小产权房是集体村民与地方政府利益集团博弈的结果,但是这个结果带来的是租金耗散和土地的低效率,并未产生帕累托改进的理想效果。要从根本上解决小产权房问题,需要在土地利用相关者之间明晰产权,从财产权益、利益结构和制度设计上给予全面考虑。     

国内外生产性服务业发展的成功经验及其借鉴

生产性服务业与制造业的发展是相互促进、相互依赖、共同发展的。国内外生产性服务业发展的成功经验主要表现在政府支持、健全法律法规、行业协会和人才的促进、信息技术的支撑等方面;可供借鉴之处有政府的引导和支持、完善政策法规、加强国际合作、鼓励创新等方面。     

Power, Development, and Institutional Change: Participatory Governance in the Lower Mekong Basin

One of the central challenges for the multitude of actors concerned with the governance of transboundary river basins is how to produce meaningful mechanisms for promoting the participation of a broad cross-section of actors in resource planning and management decisions. This paper elucidates recent efforts to enhance policies of public participation within the context of governance in the Lower Mekong basin. The paper concludes that while the obstacles to institutionalizing public participation are substantial, some modicum of genuine participation, that may in time contribute to a broader project of transformation, can emerge within intergovernmental development institutions, albeit through surprising means.     

第三方物流跨国企业在华经营面临挑战的实证研究

文章通过对五个企业的案例研究,总结出七项在华跨国物流企业所面临的挑战,即关系、价格压力、政府规制、运输成本、基础设施、信息技术能力及人才的缺乏,这些挑战可以进一步归类为:运营挑战(关系、价格压力、信息技术能力、运输成本)和成长挑战(政府规制、基础设施、人才的缺乏).为业务成长及其服务运营的考虑,在华经营的第三方物流跨国企业必须直面这些挑战.     

媒体宣传、知识产权保护与企业创新

本文收集了中国省级官方媒体对知识产权的宣传倾向信息和企业层面的专利数量和质量信息,经验检验了官方媒体关于知识产权保护的宣传对中国企业创新的影响研究发现:官方媒体宣传知识产权保护对企业创新具有正向激励作用,不仅促进了企业专利数量的增长,还推动了专利质量的提升;官方媒体宣传能更好地激励政府治理或经济环境相对较弱地区企业的创新,具有典型的“扶弱效应”,媒体宣传提高了弱势企业的信息获取与分析能力,使作为公共产品的政府态度和政策更好地发挥作用。本文研究表明,地方政府,尤其是欠发达地区的地方政府,应加大官方媒体对知识产权保护的宣传力度,更好发挥“软促进”政策的创新激励作用,为经济高质量发展注入新动力。     

Government and the Colonial Economies

From the time of Macquarie the beneficial effects of government came less from material support than from the recognition of an emerging free society, dependent for its success on the rule of law, the strengthening of property rights, improved administration, low taxation, and an environment of confidence and opportunity that encouraged voluntary flows of people and capital from Britain and Ireland. After 1860, the value of the government contribution to growth was reduced by the destabilizing and growth-distorting consequences of public investment. The economic contribution of colonial governments in thi later period was found less in their willingness to construct public capital assets and more in the provision of a favourable and permissive environment in which private decision-makers were to a large extent free to pursue their own private ends.     

农村土地权益流转的预期收益目标与社会补偿机制建设

加强农村土地权益流转的目的是要提高农民土地产权收益、实现城乡要素平等交换、促进城乡统筹一体化发展。虽然当下的农村土地权益流转要具有"实现社会保障"与"满足经济效益"双重预期收益目标,但是因土地权益流转分类的性质不同,预期收益目标各有侧重。我们要确保农村土地权益流转的相关预期收益目标的满足,除了让市场在土地资源配置中起决定性作用外,还必须全面构建由政府主导的农村土地流转社会补偿机制。通过市场之手和政府之手,以法治方式确保农村土地权益的充分流转和相关主体的利益维护。     

私人股权投资在中国的现状、问题和选择

我国私人股权投资所面临的主要问题是私人股权市场主体缺位严重,尚未建立有效的运作机制,投资管理的理念,工具和手段落后,以及退出渠道不畅。本文提出加强政策引导,促进社会资本进入、建立有限合伙制度、强化金融创新和积极培育多层次资本市场等政策建议。     

物业服务企业与业主的利益冲突及其管理

文章认为，业主是物业服务企业最重要的外部利益相关者，在实际运作中业主与物业服务企业存在着物业收费、物业功能维修、公共秩序维护、物业资产管理等方面的利益关联或冲突，而冲突的根本原因在于法律法规滞后且不完善、物业服务行业与企业可持续发展面临多重问题、业主服务消费观念淡薄、业主维权意识与方式不当等。文章指出，利益冲突的有效解决需要企业、业主、政府、行业协会、社会媒体等多方利益相关者依据冲突管理的不同阶段展开系统地管理。     

合法转让权是农民财产性收入的基础——成都市农村集体土地流转的调查研究

建立在完整财产权基础上的土地流转是提高农民收入、统筹城乡发展的关键之一,而合法转让权则是财产权的核心。通过对近年来成都市农村土地在确权后进行合法流转的大量案例进行调查研究发现,建立在合法转让权基础上的土地流转,可以为农民带来可观的收入,而农民收益的高低与其获得的财产权利强弱紧密相关。政府应该在界定和保护产权的同时,打破城乡要素流动壁垒,逐渐从直接参与土地交易中抽身而出,完成向"公共服务提供者"角色的转变。在农地确权的基础上进行的集体土地流转,可以提高农民财产性收入,为统筹城乡发展奠定基础。     

浅析企业涉外知识产权纠纷频发的原因及对策

随着知识经济全球化的深入发展,我国已进入涉外知识产权纠纷的高发期。涉外知识产权纠纷给我国企业带来巨大压力,甚至影响国家经济安全。作者试图从国际知识产权保护、国内知识产权立法等方面对涉外知识产权纠纷产生的影响进行分析,提出解决涉外知识产权纠纷频发的对策。     

以色列产权改革的途径和前景

上世纪八九十年代,以色列政府对国有企业实施了一系列产权改革政策,开始由准社会主义体制向自由经济体制转型,其改革途径和模式对我国现阶段的国企产权改革有一定的借鉴作用。