浅论新疆绿洲农业现代化

党的十六大决定我国在2020年左右建设全面小康社会。会后党中央强调把农业、农村、农民“三农”工作作为全党工作的“重中之重”。不言而喻,2020年以前彻底解决“三农”难题是“重中之重”。在2050年左右全社会基本现代化之前,首先实现农业现代化是“重中之重”。这样,解决“三农”难题和建设现代化农业是我国今后五十年内经济社会发展战略中的“重中之重”。 传统农业向农业现代化(或称现代农     

我国农业现代化问题研究

<正>要实现保障国家粮食安全和重要农产品稳产保供,实现脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接,加快实现农业现代化是一种必然选择。（上接第7期P52）三、“十四五”农业现代化发展趋势“十四五”时期,是我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的第一个五年,也是我国坚持农业农村优先发展、全面推进乡村振兴的关键时期,我国农业现代化面临诸多新变化新趋势。     

推进乡镇农业现代化 促进农村经济发展

农业现代化是国家现代化中的一项重要内容,在我国农业现代化进程平稳推进的背景下,农村经济发展形势良好。“十四五”规划中指出,我国到2035年将基本实现农业现代化目标。为实现该目标,需要推动农村经济发展,探寻新时期农业现代化与农村经济同步高质量发展的渠道。鉴于此,本文围绕我国农业发展的实际情况,分析推进乡镇农业现代化促进农村经济发展的五条原则,结合我国个别地方政府的实例,从五个角度阐述乡镇农业现代化和农村经济发展的实践。     

市场经济条件下如何对农民进行教育与管理的思考

在中国实现“四个”现代化,农业现代化是基础。因为中国是个十一亿多人口的大国,九亿多人口在农村,在国民经济生活中占有举足轻重的地位。如果农业不实现现代化,在全国实现“四个”现代化就是一句空话。要实现农业现代化,一个很重要的因素是提高农民的素质问题。因为农民素质不提高,不仅影响农业现代化的实现,而且也会影啊科学技术现代化的实现。从目前我国农业的素质现状看,农民素质与现代化要求相差甚远。为此,在社会主义市场经济条件下,加强对农民的教育与管理,是摆在我们面前的重要课题。 一、认清新形势 树立新观念 我国改革开放十几年的实践,已经取得了巨大的成功。     

我国传统农业与农业现代化

我国农业实现现代化的道路如何走?怎样看待我国传统农业?它与农业现代化有什么关系?诸如此类问题,近年来,报刊上发表了不少文章进行讨论,本文试作一专题综述。“工业式农业”的弊端所谓“工业式农业”,或称“无机农业”、“石油农业”,是西方一些发达国家发展农业的道路。这种农业,在一定时期内也能增加农产品,使农业经济繁荣;但是,好景不长,     

乡村振兴战略下山东省农业现代化与城镇化的互动关系

城镇化和农业现代化是实现“四化”同步发展的重要内容，对破解我国城乡二元结构、实现乡村振兴、解决“三农”问题具有重要价值。山东省是我国农业大省、工业大省和人口大省，农业经济在总体经济结构中占据较大比重，城镇化水平较高。统筹协调城镇化与农业现代化之间的关系，对于破解山东省经济发展困局、推动山东省城乡发展具有重要作用。文章阐述了农业现代化和城镇化概念，讨论了山东省农业现代化与城镇化的互动关系，提出了山东省农业现代化与城镇化发展的建议，以供参考。     

查哈阳农场近年来农业现代化建设的主要经验

要实现中国社会主义现代化,就必须实现中国农业现代化。我国特殊的国情注定了我国农业现代化道路的艰难和曲折,然而探索其最佳途径也是我们不容推卸的神圣职责。查哈阳农场虽然是“北大荒”的一个大型国有农场,它与我国大多数农业地区尽管有诸多不同,但由于各种主客观...     

乡村振兴背景下农业现代化发展探析

农业是第一产业,在国民经济中处于基础性地位,农业经济发展水平直接影响整个国家经济的发展质量和发展速度。在新时代,我国经济结构、发展速度、发展驱动力等各方面呈现出“新常态”,实现农业现代化成为必然趋势,推进农业实现现代化也是我国实施乡村振兴战略的必然要求。鉴于此,文章从国家、市场和农户的关系角度出发,分析了我国农业现代化进程中存在的问题,探讨了适合我国发展的农业现代化的路径,以期促进农村经济发展,早日实现乡村振兴战略的目标。     

二十世纪世界农业发展模式的演变

在已经过去的一个世纪里,世界农业发生了巨大的变化。一些发达国家率先实现了农业现代化,许多发展中国家最近几十年来也不同程度地加快了农业现代化建设的步伐。总结世界农业现代化的经验和教训,对于新世纪实现农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文从农业现代化的角度对本世纪世界农业发展模式的演变轨迹作一总结,以期对新世纪我国农业的现代化建设提供指导。一、常规现代农业的成就与问题1、“石油农业”的成就与代价“石油农业”是以美国为代表的高投入、高产出的农业现代化模式。这一模式之所以被称为“石油农业”,是因为它大量地使…     

我国农业农村现代化水平的时空特征及障碍因子研究

[目的]推进农业农村现代化发展是“十四五”期间关于“三农”工作的重大战略安排,构建农业农村现代化发展水平评价体系以分析我国农业农村现代化发展的区域差异与制约因素,对于引导农业农村现代化发展方向和决策部署具有重要意义。[方法]文章借助多指标综合测度法、空间自相关分析法以及障碍因子测度模型,在测算评估2010—2020年我国区域农业农村现代化发展水平的基础上,阐明农业农村现代化发展的时空特征并划分不同发展类型,分析影响农业农村现代化发展的障碍因子。[结果]（1）整体来看,我国农业农村现代化水平逐年攀升;（2）从系统层指标分析,农业现代化发展综合指数较高,但农业农村现代化发展水平的提升更多依赖于农村现代化发展拉动;（3）从空间视角来看,多数省份之间农业农村现代化发展水平呈现明显的正向空间相关性,在显著区域内以“高—高”“低—低”空间集聚为主;（4）从障碍因素角度分析,农业生产现代化与农村文化医疗现代化是农业农村现代化水平提升的最大桎梏。[结论]实现农业农村现代化发展要立足我国农业发展新征程的现实逻辑,坚持农业农村优先发展的战略总方针,提高农村医疗文化水平,深化农业农村改革,加快推进农业一二三...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.