Restructuring the automotive industry in the English West Midlands

This paper investigates the changes taking places in the automotive industry in the English West Midlands. For over a century this region has been the heartland of car production in the UK, but over recent decades the volume side of the trade has been in serious decline, leading to increasing dependence on the luxury side of the industry. The implications are that the supply side of the industry will be forced to move into new technologies if the auto cluster is to prosper in future. Finally, the paper looks at the attempts made by bodies such as Advantage West Midlands and the industry itself to effect change.     

技术通用性、全球创新链嵌入与国际知识流

文章通过技术的通用性水平差异刻画各国制造业在全球创新链中的位置,并在非线性双指数知识流模型的基础上,分析知识在全球创新链不同环节间的流动。研究表明,知识流在全球创新链的上游和下游强度较高,在中游强度较低,中国制造业的融入位置处于全球创新链的中下游,并随着中国内需市场的扩张和经济结构的转型,下游化趋势日趋显著。在下游化的过程中,中国制造业企业完成了由低端技术的供给者向技术资源的整合者的转型,实现了对全球的科学知识资源的高效利用,但研发资源集中于下游环节使得企业更加依赖国外技术,技术革新过程受制于人。在上游通用性技术领域,中国制造业企业仍然处于追赶者的角色,亟需抓住新一轮通用性技术革新的机遇,从供给侧发力,通过创新驱动提高制造业整体竞争力,推动中国经济的高质量发展,由知识使用者向知识创造者转型。     

跨国汽车公司供应链深度嵌入及其驱动力分析

文章指出,随着供应链由早期的销售嵌入发展演变为研发—采购—生产—销售—管理的供应链深度嵌入与整合,跨国汽车公司在华供应链已构成其全球供应链网络的重要组成部分,并在区域性市场上发挥着极为重要的作用。文章认为,供应链深度嵌入及其链网整合,主要缘于市场和低成本战略的经济驱动以及中国产业发展的政策驱动。     

Dawn of Industrialisation? The Indonesian Automotive Industry

This article traces the development of industrial policy towards the Indonesian motor industry within the automotive global value chain. Showing the current dominance of Japanese motor assemblers in Indonesia, it notes the rather undeveloped nature of the locally owned supporting industry, particularly compared with that of neighbouring Thailand. Most investment in auto-parts production has been by foreigners. Nevertheless, Indonesia's rapid domestic-market growth has allowed it to attract foreign automotive investment without having to offer excessively generous incentives. While the continued entry of foreign suppliers of auto parts into Indonesia offers opportunities for local suppliers to upgrade their productive capabilities, it also limits their chances of becoming first-tier suppliers themselves. Japanese automotive investors are optimistic about Indonesia's export potential, more so than Malaysia's.     

全球价值链嵌入、区域融合发展与制造业产业升级——基于双循环新发展格局的思考

在构建双循环新发展格局和中国区域发展不平衡的背景下,文章将全球价值链、国内区域间融合发展纳入同一研究框架,作为推动制造业产业升级的切入点。使用空间计量方法研究发现：中国各地区参与全球化分工以及国内区域流入型融合对制造业产业升级产生明显溢出效应,且后向溢出更显著。东部参与全球化分工能够享受产业升级红利,中西部则更多通过国内流入型融合获得升级红利。且区域竞争优势与主导分工环节越契合越有益于产业升级。分行业看,高技术类型对于产业升级的拉动效应更显著。资源配置效率、技术效率的改善是参与全球分工以及国内区域融合推动制造业产业升级的重要途径。最后提出了基于三个梯队产业带动系数的区域产业升级扶助路径,对四大板块协同三大支撑带的战略布局作出有效补充。     

智能制造的技术、产业模式及其发展路径

在当前全球价值链和国际分工重构的背景下，智能制造在全球经济发展已是势不可挡，大力推动我国智能制造快速发展是必然抉择，从发展态势而言，已显现出一定的优势。文章系统梳理了智能制造的内涵与演进，探究了智能制造的整体架构和关键核心技术，并在此基础上勾勒了智能制造的产业模式发展方向为服务型制造，借此提出了促进中国智能制造快速发展的实践路径和政策建议。     

The Green Factor of Economic Growth in Russia and the World

The article discusses the role of environmental and climate factors in the modernization of the global and Russian economies in the context of the challenges presented by the new industrial revolution. It is emphasized that a restraining effect of these factors on economic growth is primarily caused by qualitative characteristics of technologies used for resource utilization and the adaptation of population and facilities to global climate changes. The article considers a growing urgency of eco-innovations, as well as “green” technologies overall, as a factor affecting the economic growth and modernization of the economy; the unevenness of the development of these technologies in the countries of the world; and strategic risks of Russia’s lagging behind the leading world economies in this area. A special emphasis is placed upon (i) a substantiation of the significance of the mineral, raw material and fuel and energy complexes, as well as the forest-industryl and agro-industrial complex, as priority sectors for the development eco-innovations and green technologies in Russia and (ii) arguing that in Russian conditions a long-term development policy is in essence a strategy for green economic growth.     

Internet-enabled supply chain integration: Prospects and challenges for the South African automotive industry

The impetus for supply chain integration (SCI) in the global automotive industry is being driven by the Internet. The article critically explores the potential of the Internet to optimise and streamline the complex supply chains found in the South African automotive industry. The Internet's potential to create seamless, collaborative supply networks could provide the local automotive industry with a distinctive competitive advantage in its pursuit of an 'outward orientation' and 'global connectedness' after a lengthy period of trade isolation and government protection. The findings, however, reveal that domestic automotive firms are generally not using the Internet for substantive interbusiness trade and advanced SCI. By not making the transition to Internet-enabled SCI, South African automotive firms may be placing themselves at risk of becoming less competitive in the globally interconnected market, which will impact on both their current market positions and long-term viability.     

供应链的创新溢出效应研究——来自A股市场的经验证据

从创新溢出视角出发,以2008—2019年A股市场非金融类上市公司为样本,利用双向固定效应模型实证考察供应链的创新水平差异对企业创新的影响.结果发现供应链的创新水平与企业创新呈显著正相关关系,说明企业的供应商与客户的创新水平越高,企业自身创新水平也显著更高.上述结论在进行倾向得分匹配(PSM)控制内生性问题后依然成立.据此提出有关进一步推动供应链创新与应用、强化供应链创新溢出的策略建议.     

新开放时代增强我国制造业国际竞争力的战略思考

制造业全球竞争已经全面展开,显示了与过去完全不同的特征。我国是全球制造业规模最大的国家,但还不是全球制造业最强的国家。面对竞争,我国制造业国际竞争力总体究竟如何,需要有一个全面准确的判断。本文将我国制造业分为传统制造业与新兴制造业两部分,分别分析了这两类制造业现实的国际竞争力,认为我国的传统制造业目前是有国际竞争力的,新兴制造业是尚不具备国际竞争力的;然而,传统制造业的竞争力正在弱化,因为其产出效率与附加价值创造存在不足。因此,如何进一步保持传统制造业的国际竞争力并提高新兴制造业国际竞争力就成为我国制造业进一步转型发展的重要目标。为此,本文给出了新的战略思路以及可行的战略对策,这就是"抓住制造业变革的历史机遇,从提高效率入手,增强制造业人力资本,确立新的比较优势基础,通过开放式自主创新实现技术突破,直接把握全球制造业的价值链高端,形成我国制造业的核心竞争力,形成具有强大国际竞争力的新型先进制造业,实现从制造大国转变为制造强国"。     

零售数字化创新促进制造业提质增效的路径研究

零售在供需对接上起主导作用，零售数字化创新驱使零售与制造重构联动机制。分析指出现阶段零售数字化在促进制造业提质增效过程中存在零售数字化转型不充分、零售数字化供应链管理能力不足、制造业生产流程重组困难、异质性资源融合创生不足等制约。从零售理念构建、数字化基础设施建设、零售数字化运营能力提升、制造业构建C2M敏捷模式到零售-制造的异质性资源融合创生，提出零售数字化创新促进制造业提质增效的实现路径，通过充分发挥零售主导作用，拉动制造业价值链升级，实现关联产业高质量融合发展。     

‘Learning by importing’ in global value chains: upgrading and South–South strategies in the Ugandan pharmaceutical industry

Drawing on global value chain analysis, this article discusses the possibilities for upgrading in a domestically oriented import-dependent industry. The pharmaceutical industry in Uganda consists of a large number of importers, nine of which have upgraded into assembly and four a step further into manufacturing. The industry upgrades by a process of ‘learning by importing’. Although not engaged with global buyers, pharmaceutical producers in Uganda are tied into the global pharmaceutical value chain by international linkages with their suppliers, mainly in India, from whom they access technology and intermediates for production. Hence, this industry is based on South–South networks for production of low-value pharmaceutical products. With the globalisation of the pharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of global lead firms are ceasing to manufacture these products. This study illustrates an alternative form of industrialisation and upgrading that has not been adequately considered in the development of the African pharmaceutical industry.     

日本制造业数字化转型发展战略

2020年全球蔓延的新冠疫情对日本制造业造成巨大冲击,日本企业传统的管理模式和业务模式均遭受重创,以往建立的高效的全球供应链体系被阻断,传统优势的匠人技术也面临很大风险。在此背景下,日本政府提出必须加强企业灵活应对环境急剧变化的自我变革能力即动态能力,重建一个"高效+经济安全"的韧性供应链体系,而数字技术对增强企业动态能力具有突出的作用,为此,日本政府实施了制造业数字化转型发展战略。针对现实困境,日本政府采取强化工程链的设计力、制造现场活用5G等通信技术和加强数字化人力资源保障三大策略,力图通过制造业数字化转型实现工程链和供应链的无缝连接,搭建全新的生产模式,保持和提升日本制造业的国际竞争力。中国将制造业数字化转型作为"十四五"期间数字经济与实体经济深度融合发展的重中之重,日本对制造业数字化转型的推进可为中国提供借鉴。     

基于供应商关系的供应链企业采购策略研究

从供应链的角度,整体考虑供应链的利益,分析供应链企业采购存在的问题,基于支出分析法,运用供应商分类矩阵,对供应商进行分类,得出不同供应商管理策略组合。在分析供应链企业采购理念及采购策略的基础上,对供应商的关系进行定位,从而对不同关系的供应商采用不同的采购管理策略。     

Skills Development and Interfirm Learning Linkages under Globalization: Lessons from the Indian Automobile Industry

This paper empirically examines changes in the patterns of skills development for Indian workers in domestic firms, particularly in small firms, in the 1990s, when its economy became increasingly integrated into the global economy. A case study of 50 component suppliers of two leading auto assemblers in the Indian automobile industry reveals that dynamic industrial transformations in the 1990s significantly changed the nature, content and extent of skills development at domestic suppliers. The paper argues that various institutional mechanisms created by assembler firms played a critical role in upgrading skills at suppliers, transforming the supply chain into a learning chain.     

供应商快速反应能力影响因素及综合评价研究

快速反应能力是供应链中供应商的核心能力。本文分析了供应商快速反应能力的影响因素,然后在指标体系构建原则的指导下创造性地构造了基于供应链的供应商快速反应能力的评价指标体系及模糊综合评价模型。最后用一案例说明了如何评价供应商的快速反应能力,为制造企业采用该指标体系来评价和选择供应商提供了必要的参考。     

低碳偏好下三级供应链协调策略研究

以一个零售商为领导者、一个制造商和一个供应商为追随者组成的三级低碳供应链为研究对象,应用微分对策理论,考虑低碳偏好和产品商誉下研究下游零售商低碳宣传、上游制造商和供应商联合减排的低碳供应链优化与协调问题。研究发现,零售商、制造商和供应商选择何种博弈策略与三者的边际收益率有关;当供应链上三个主体的边际收益率满足一定条件时,成本分担契约可以促进零售商、制造商、供应商以及供应链系统整体的Pareto改进,使各自的最优利润得到改善,改善的程度等于成本分担的比例,而成本分担的比例取决于双方的边际收益率。最后,通过算例对模型进行了分析。     

What explains the recent fluctuations in Japan’s output? A structural factor analysis of Japan’s industrial production

By applying the structural factor analysis developed by Foerster et al. (2011), we decompose the fluctuations of Japan’s industrial production (IP) into sectoral shocks and aggregate shocks, taking input–output relationships between sectors into account. Our results show that, except for the global financial crisis period, sectoral shocks explain, on an average, nearly half of the quarterly variations in Japan’s IP. Although the relative importance of sectoral shocks declined during the global financial crisis period, it increased again in the recent post-crisis period and, at this time, it contributes to the increased volatility of Japan’s IP. Specifically, our analysis suggests that the intersectoral spillovers brought about by disruptions of supply chain networks in the wake of the Great East Japan Earthquake, the declines in domestic production (or production capacity) in some sectors, as a result of a deterioration in global competitiveness, and a shift to overseas production have contributed to the recent increase in fluctuations of Japan’s IP.     

The Impact of the Bullwhip Effect on Sales and Earnings Prediction Using Order Backlog

Recent work in the supply chain literature suggests that the variance in orders placed with suppliers will be larger than that of sales to buyers. This distortion in demand information increases as it is passed along the supply chain from customers to upstream suppliers and has been referred to as “the bullwhip effect.” In this paper, we argue that the bullwhip effect reduces the ability of order backlog to predict future sales and earnings for upstream suppliers. Results obtained from our empirical analysis support this proposition. We find that the impact of bullwhip on the predictive ability of order backlog is further accentuated in firms with longer operating cycles. Market intermediaries such as financial analysts, on average, are unable to fully account for differences in the predictive ability of order backlog. However, analysts belonging to employers that follow all firms in a vertical supply chain do a better job of understanding the impact of bullwhip on the predictive ability of order backlog. In additional tests, we find that the bullwhip effect also impedes the ability of inventory components to predict future sales and earnings.     

A practice review of technology management: Focusing on KONVER I support for defence diversification

Defence industry cutbacks impact at national and local economy levels by triggering business deaths and job cuts, leading to lost workforce and production skills and a contracting manufacturing and technology base. Diversification is a key responsive mechanism to defence industry contraction, but how this can be funded and managed is a major issue. One route is to provide the structure and mechanisms for technology transfer. The 1980s and 1990s have seen a number of initiatives established which prioritised this route and some have received European funding under KONVER I support for defence diversification. These constituted the primary focus of research for this paper and form a practice review of diversification experiences between 1993 and 1995 through selected case studies from Lancashire, the West Midlands, the South West and Hertfordshire. Discussion of the mechanisms, structures and operational issues is contexualised by outlining public and private sector strategies and support.