太阳能发电规模化发展研讨会在京召开

2011年6月9—10日,在中国国家能源局和亚洲开发银行联合召开的太阳能发电规模化研讨会上,国家能源局介绍了中国可再生能源的政策和发展规划,亚洲开发银行介绍了"亚洲太阳能倡议"和亚洲太阳能论坛,与会专家和企业交流了太阳能发电的技术、政策、投资和市场等内容。     

风电新趋势

2008年是中国推进节能减排与发展可再生能源战略上具有转折意义的一年，国际油价突破每桶140美元以及中国大范围遭受冰雪灾害所显现的全球气候变暖趋势，都进一步突出了替代能源发展的重要性。目前，替代能源在中国电力工业发展中仅占很小的比例，中国电力工业迫切需要进一步加快结构调整，大力发展核电、水电、风电、太阳能、生物质能、地热能发电等替代能源，实现可持续发展。     

浅谈我国现有电力市场条件下绿色电力的发展

电力工业进行的市场化重构,对可再生能源来说,可能是一种机会,也可能意味着风险.主要的风险就是在不考虑外部性的情况下进行竞争将使可再生能源处于劣势.这种劣势将导致可再生能源发电量比改革前还少,同时大气污染更大,温室气体排放更多.但是如果采取适当的措施,新的市场也可以为可再生能源的发展创造更多的机会.下面简要分析一下中国绿色电力发展的障碍,提出在我国现有的电力市场条件下,促进绿色电力发展之我见.     

德国可再生能源发电政策法规体系及其启示

德国具有可再生能源发电方面长期处于世界领先地位的优势,并形成了较为成熟的政策法规体系。分析了德国在促进可再生能源发电方面的政策法规体系及其主要内容以及对我国发展可再生能源发电的启示。     

高层声音

从目前来看，特别应该抓好可再生能源开发利用中长期总量目标、全国可再生能源开发利用规划、可再生能源产业发展指导目录、可再生能源电力的并网技术标准、可再生能源发电项目的上网电价和费用分摊办法、可再生能源专项基金的管理办法、可再生能源财政贴息和税收优惠的具体办法等研究制定工作，争取早日出台，与法律同步施行。     

核电新时代

2008年是中国推进节能减排与发展可再生能源战略上具有转折意义的一年,国际油价突破每桶140美元以及中国大范围遭受冰雪灾害所显现的全球气候变暖趋势,都进一步突出了替代能源发展的重要性。目前,替代能源在中国电力工业发展中仅占很小的比例,中国电力工业迫切需要进一步加快结构调整,大力发展核电、水电、风电、太阳能、生物质能、地热能发电等替代能源,实现可持续发展。     

关于我国节能、提高能源效率的思考

能源问题是世界各国普遍关注的一个重要战略问题，为了实现21世纪我国经济社会的稳定、健康、科学、可持续的发展，为了满足国民经济快速稳定发展对能源的需求，要从长远的战略高度解决好我国的能源和能效问题，在努力扩大能源供应量的同时，实施能源可持续发展战略，积极发展新能源和可再生能源，还要采取其他多元化战略，其中特别重要的一点是要采取节约能源、提高能源效率战略，并把它作为基本国策来推进、实施和持久坚持。     

跨国石油公司加快推进新能源战略

为摆脱全球油气资源短缺和高油价的困扰．寻求可持续发展之路，跨国石油公司正在加快向综合性能源公司演化．积极发展可再生能源，开发新的能源技术和参与温室气体减排，目前已取得明显成效。其中最有代表性的是壳牌和BP。壳牌石油公司可再生能源部建立于1997年，在全球大型能源公司中拥有最多的可再生能源业务。壳牌自2000年以来在可再生能源方面已投资了10亿美元。今后将继续大力投资风能和太阳能。BP于2005年建立了BP替代能源公司，计划今后10年内在太阳能、风能、氢能和联合循环发电技术方面投资80亿美元。     

能源法案或倒副电改

当前，我国多地雾霾围城，大力发展清洁能源成为重要的治理雾霾措施。为此，国家陆续出台了一系列的鼓励可再生能源发电的政策，财政每年更是投入上百亿元直接补贴可再生能源发电，但是近年来，却出现了作为清洁能源的风力发电被大量“弃风限电”、白白浪费的“中国式”尴尬。     

信息平台

联合国：近半数新增电力源自清洁能源 联合国环境规划署发表最新的年度《全球可再生能源投资趋势》报告称，尽管去年可再生能源领域的投资下跌14％。但仍有44％的发电装机容量来自可再生能源。2013年中国在清洁能源领域共投资560亿美元。超过了欧洲，成为世界的领头羊。     

Who should own a renewable technology? Ownership theory and an application

We investigate the market implications of ownership of a new low-cost production technology. We relate our theoretical findings to measure the impact of renewable energy penetration into electricity markets and examine how the ownership of renewable capacity changes market outcomes (prices, outputs, emissions). As current public policies influence renewable energy ownership, this research provides useful insights for policy makers. We show how and why ownership of renewable capacity matters when there is market power in energy market. We apply our findings to the wholesale electricity market in Ontario, Canada, to analyze the impact of different ownership structures for wind capacity expansions. Using both simulation analysis and empirical analysis of market data, we show that the price-reducing effects of wind expansion are smaller when a larger strategic firm owns new wind capacity. Lastly, we show that the effect of wind ownership on emissions depends on both the amount of generation displaced by wind output and the emissions rate of displaced generation.     

中国天然气发电产业发展现状及展望

中国燃气发电装机及发电量占比较小,发电用气占比低于全球平均水平;发电设备利用小时数较低,平均上网电价较高。当前中国天然气发电产业面临的挑战包括:政策体系尚不健全,产业定位不清晰;天然气资源保障存在不确定性;气电燃料与设备运维成本偏高;上网电价的定价机制尚待理顺;电力市场改革快速推进,市场竞争更加激烈。中国电力需求将延续增长态势,电源结构向低碳转型;中国天然气行业处于高速发展期,气源供应保障能力进一步提升;供给宽松期叠加市场化改革加速期,促进发电用气成本下降;燃气发电电力工程造价呈下降趋势,这些都是天然气发电产业的机遇。展望"十四五"期间,实现"十三五"气电装机规划目标存在较大难度;受经济性制约,"十四五"期间气电发展节奏的不确定性较大;生态环境约束背景下,中长期天然气发电发展空间依然广阔;中国天然气发电产业发展路径将呈现多元化趋势。     

电力市场环境下发电环节的节能减排

介绍了国内外在发电环节采用的两种节能减排技术,即洁净煤技术和可再生能源发电技术。从政策支持、价格鼓励、税费减免、科研和产业化的促进等多个方面论述了电力市场化改革环境下,发电环节节能减排的政策、法规及发展思路。建议对化石燃料发电征收较高的能源税、CO2税、SO2税以及征收CO2排放费用,增大可再生能源发电配额比例,鼓励私人投资,建立绿色电力发展基金,加快技术和设备的国产化进程等。     

Anforderungen an den konventionellen Kraftwerkspark – wieviel und welche Kraftwerkskapazit?t wird ben?tigt?

The electricity supply system will, particularly in Germany, significantly be determined by the use of renewable energy sources. A?decreasing energetic utilization along with an increasing flexibility demand lead to chancing requirements for the conventional plant fleet. The question arises to what extent conventional generation capacity is needed in the future and if??compared to today??additional technical requirements have to be fulfilled due to the increased flexibility demand. Furthermore it has to be discussed how a required capacity level can be achieved and if??and under which conditions??today??s market design is sufficient or if additional capacity mechanism are necessary. These questions are discussed in this article. The questions as to the required capacity level and the means to achieve it depend on the perspective, which is chosen with respect to security of supply. Choosing a European perspective, i.e. a common responsibility for an appropriate level of security of supply in Europe, additional capacity mechanism are not necessary. Choosing a national perspective, i.e. requiring that national demand can??theoretically??be covered by capacity available in the particular country, does not only significantly increase the necessary amount of generation capacity but also??due to the fact that the electricity market already today is organized on a European rather than a national basis??requires additional capacity mechanisms to cover capacity demand. With respect to the flexibility demand a concerted as well as coordinated acting of the different independent market players is necessary to cover a more volatile residual load. However, there is no additional demand for technical flexibility.     

Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Photovoltaik im deutschen Energiemix – Neudefinition des Ansatzes der Netzparität

Photovoltaics are one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world. Despite high costs and a limited energy yield, attractive support schemes particularly the German renewable energy law have paved the way for the strong market growth of this technology within the last decade. Here the question arises as to when photovoltaics will reach a competitive level in Germany without the support of subsidies. The prominent grid parity approach is simple and considered critical in this discussion. It is critical because of the different references regarding the costs of electricity generated by a newly installed PV system and the electricity price of private households, which consists of electricity generation, distribution, sales as well as taxes and duties on the one hand. On the other hand, there are different time references in the calculation of electricity generation costs and electricity prices of private households. Transferring the approach of Levelized Costs of Electricity (LCOE) to all power generation plants within the energy mix means a redefinition of the grid parity of photovoltaics will be carried out. Here the electricity generation costs of photovoltaics as well as the energy mix will be calculated in the same way. The LCOE calculation refers to the whole life cycle of every power generation plant. That is why a balance between the high investment costs of photovoltaics and the increasing operation costs of fossil fuelled power plants is made. It can be shown that the reaching of competitiveness of photovoltaics in Germany depends on structural changes in electricity generation and it is to be realized within the anticipated time frame until the year 2020.     

Die Marktprämie im EEG 2012: Ein sinnvoller Beitrag zur Markt- und Systemintegration erneuerbarer Energien?

With the share of renewable energies within the electricty sector rising, improving their market integration (i.e. inclusion in the steering and remuneration processes of the electricity market) and system integration (i.e. enhanced responsibility for grid stability) is of increasing importance. To transform the energy system efficiently while ensuring security of supply, it is necessary to increase the alignment of renewable electricity production with short- and long-term market signals. The German Renewable Energy Sources Act 2012 introduced the market premium to provide market experience to renewable plant operators and incentives for demand-oriented electricity production. Shortly after its introduction, the instrument is already being criticised as ineffective and expensive. Building on early experiences, this article examines whether the market premium in its current design improves market and/or system integration, and if it seems suitable in principle to contribute to these aims (effectiveness). Also, potential efficiency gains and additional costs of “administering integration” are discussed (efficiency). While market integration in a strict sense (i.e. exposing renewables to price risks) is not the purpose of the market premium, it has successfully increased participation in direct marketing. However, windfall profits are high, and the benefits of gradually leading plant operators towards the market are questionable. Incentives for demand-oriented electricity production are established, but they prove insufficient particularly in the case of intermittent renewable energy sources. A continuation of the instrument in its current form therefore does not seem recommendable. To conclude, potential alternative solutions are presented.     

Die Auswirkungen des EEG auf das Energiesystem Deutschlands – Eine Betrachtung mit dem Energiesystemmodell TIMES-D

In Germany, the electricity generation from renewable energy has been promoted since the year 2000 by a feed-in tariff system, the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). This article evaluates the long-term impact of the German feed-in tariffs on the development of the German energy system with the help of the energy system model TIMES-D. In the model-based analysis, both the payment side (i.e. the tariffs) and the cost side (i.e. the EEG apportionment) are taken into consideration. Through the promotion of the feed-in tariff system—in combination with the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)—the use of renewable energies in electricity generation in Germany rises considerably such that renewable energy sources account for almost 40% of total gross electricity consumption in 2030. Accordingly, until 2020 total EEG fee payments as well as the EEG apportionment increase significantly. The impact of the feed-in tariff system on final electricity demand is, however, relatively small. Alternative scenario settings show that the expansion of the renewable electricity generation through the feed-in tariff system clearly exceeds the development which would occur when trying to reach the reduction targets of the ETS in a cost-efficient way.     

我国网对网跨区（省）电力交易价格机制创新

建立科学、合理的跨区（省）电力交易价格机制,有利于加快跨区（省）电网发展,有利于促进能源资源优化配置。由于我国电价机制正在完善中,独立输配电价机制尚未建立,当前跨区（省）电力交易尤其是网对网跨区（省）电力交易的价格机制存在一些突出问题。基于跨区（省）电力交易价格机制与方法的分析,借鉴国外跨国（区）电力交易中送电、输电和受电价格制定的经验,从完善价格体系、实施统一的价格机制、引入市场定价方法等方面提出了我国网对网跨区（省）电力交易价格体系与机制创新的政策建议。     

Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy in Europe Post 2020—The Economic Benefits of Cooperation

The availability of renewable energies differs significantly across European regions. Consequently, European cooperation in the deployment of renewable energy potentially yields substantial efficiency gains. However, for achieving the 2020 renewable energy targets, most countries purely rely on domestic production. In this paper, we analyze the benefits of cooperation compared to continuing with national renewable energy support after 2020. We use an optimization model of the European electricity system and find that compared to a 2030 CO₂-only target (?40 % compared to 1990), electricity system costs increase by 5 to 7 % when a European-wide renewable energy target for electricity generation (of 55 %) is additionally implemented. However, these additional costs are 41 to 45 % lower than the additional costs which would arise if the renewable energy target was reached through national support schemes (without cooperation). Furthermore, the cost reduction achieved by cooperation is quite robust with regard to assumptions about interconnector extensions and investment cost developments of renewable energy technologies. In practice, however, administrative issues and questions concerning the fair sharing of costs and benefits between the Member States represent major obstacles that need to be tackled in order to reach renewable energy targets at the lowest costs possible.     

Markt- und Systemintegration von erneuerbaren Energien im Rahmen der Systemtransformation – Ein Beitrag zur definitorischen Abgrenzung

The reconstruction of the electricity system is one of the main challenges of the German energy transition (Energiewende). The expansion of renewable electricity generation should enable the phase out of nuclear and fossil power generators in the long run. The Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) aims at increasing renewable generation up to a share of at least 80?% in gross electricity consumption by the year 2050. There are many possible ways to reach this target. Today, the characteristics of the future energy systems become apparent through the legal framework and long term energy scenarios.Economic, social and regulatory hurdles will need to be overcome to enable the transition of the electricity system. In this context, specific measures are evaluated with respect to their contribution on the system transformation, system integration and market integration. Up until now a consistent framework for evaluating political actions and scientific that should effectively support the energy political objectives is not present. The concepts of power system transformation, power system integration and market integration are differentiated and defined to close this gap. Based on this framework, a practical example is evaluated. The exact definitions will help to objectify the political and scientific debate. Furthermore, it contributes to develop regulatory and market mechanisms.