跨国企业转让定价避税理论述评

在国际税收领域跨国公司的转让定价问题极受关注,国外关于转让定价问题研究成果颇丰,基于相关文献的梳理讨论了转让定价的产生和目标、转让定价的影响因素及其经济效应。     

防范跨国公司转让定价避税的对策选择

随着国际经济一体化的不断发展,全世界的主要税源已集中到跨国公司集团.与此同时,由于跨国公司中母公司对子公司的操纵,使得跨国公司不依据市场供求关系而人为确定内部交易价格成为可能,随之也产生了跨国公司利用转让定价避税问题.由于我国外商投资企业大多为跨国公司的关联企业,因此跨国公司转让定价避税在我国表现得也比较明显,转让定价避税不仅给我国带来了巨大的税收损失,而且也破坏了公平的税收环境.对于转让定价避税行为,必须采取相应的防范措施.     

试论外资企业转让定价的新形式——国内转让定价

外资企业避税已成为我国税收流失的主要方面，引起了社会的普遍关注。在花样繁多的避税手段中。国内转让定价作为跨国转让定价在一国内部的延伸，逐渐受到外资企业的“青昧”，对我国税收的危害也越来越大。本文在概述国内转让定价的基础上，对国内转让定价的危害、形式以及非避税动因作了深入细致地分析，并据此提出防范国内转让定价的对策。     

国际转让定价税收规制的静态博弈分析

转让定价问题是当前国际税收中最为重要的问题.近些年来,世界各国政府都不同程度地将目光聚集于对转让定价的规制上来.通过构造税务当局与跨国公司之间的博弈模型,并运用现代经济学的理论与研究方法,进而从对避税行为的惩处力度、支付的税收成本以及税务当局稽查风险等方面,得出有效规制国际转让定价行为的路径选择.     

基于在华跨国公司转让定价的研究及税务管理

关联企业转让定价问题一直是国际上关注的热点.随着经济全球化的不断发展,外商投资企业在我国不断发展壮大.如何有效控制这些企业利用转让定价避税,建立和完善我国现行的转让定价税制成为我国税收征管中亟待解决的问题.本文从在华跨国企业转让定价的现状及影响入手,结合我国实际情况,阐述了我国现行转让定价税务征管中存在的问题和不足,并对我国转让定价税务管理提出了建议.     

基于在华跨国公司转让定价的研究及税务管理

关联企业转让定价问题一直是国际上关注的热点。随着经济全球化的不断发展，外商投资企业在我国不断发展壮大。如何有效控制这些企业利用转让定价避税，建立和完善我国现行的转让定价税制成为我国税收征管中亟待解决的问题。本文从在华跨国企业转让定价的现状及影响入手，结合我国实际情况，阐述了我国现行转让定价税务征管中存在的问题和不足，并对我国转让定价税务管理提出了建议。     

浅析我国转让定价现状及调整对策

转让定价作为跨国公司全球避税的一项重要工具被广泛运用,但转让定价对各国税收的损害也是显而易见的。我国转让定价调整起步较晚,与国际上较成熟的市场经济环境比还存在一定的差距,迫切需要运用各种对策避免不法外商利用转让定价给我国带来税收流失。     

我国转让定价税制改革的现状及对策

转让定价税制是各国政府用来对跨国纳税人转让定价行为实施政策目标控制和管理的各项制度和具体措施的总称.为了避免跨国公司利用转让定价税制避税,损害我国的经济利益,结合我国的实际情况,应完善我国税收法制建设,强化税务管理;建立完善的纳税申报制度,明确纳税人的报告义务和举证责任;积极创造条件,推广预约定价制度;税务机关要设立专门机构,负责转让定价税制的管理.     

跨国企业转让定价与国家税收利益归属研究动态

从跨国企业内部运作入手,全面梳理了跨国企业最优转让定价决策制定及利用转让定价实施收入转移方面的研究成果。研究结果表明,位于不同税收管辖区域的子公司间税率差异越大,则跨国公司在相关国家间转移的税基越多;在国外市场组织低成本外包与开发营销性无形资产,成为近年跨国企业利用转让定价攫取相关国家,特别是高税收国家经营利润的新形式,不断加剧国家间的税收利益冲突。针对转让定价导致的国家间税收利益受损问题,以OECD为代表的发达经济体为规制跨国企业收入转移行为,开展了一系列转让定价审计执法与BEPS行动。同时,本文基于相关理论研究成果和数理模型对发展中国家地域优势的刻画,为国家间税收利益分配的合理"归属"以及我国税收利益的合理"回流"提供参考。     

借鉴国际经验 完善我国转让定价税制

文章在对转让定价问题基本情况分析的基础上 ,从完善转让定价方法和强化转让定价税收征管制度两个角度 ,探讨了如何借鉴国际经验以完善我国的转让定价税制及进一步加强转让定价税收征管工作等问题     

关于转让定价调整方法的比较分析

跨国公司在进行跨国内部贸易转让定价安排时,将受到所涉国税务当局的约束和管制.在正常交易原则的前提下,国际上公认的转让定价调整方法包括以交易为基础的方法和以利润为基础的方法.本文对这两种方法所属的具体调整方法作了较详细地阐述和比较分析.     

不同控股比例下的国际转移定价模型

转移价格在跨国企业的国际经营活动中起着重要的作用。本文从企业税负驱动机制的微观层面上,扩展国际转移定价的理论模型,深入分析在不同控股比例和红利分配率情况下转移价格的理性选择;并且运用模拟方法,揭示不同变量条件下的最优转移价格策略。     

The Foreign Trade and Sectoral Impact of Truck Road Pricing for Cross-Border Trade

Truck road pricing is on the brink of beingintroduced in a number of European countries.The experience gained from Switzerland, thefirst country worldwide to implement such adistant-dependent pricing scheme, has provedinvaluable. Nevertheless, significant questionsstill remain. The present paper attempts toprovide some clarity by analysing the welfareand sectoral impact resulting from theintroduction of truck road pricing with respectto foreign trade. It is shown that this impactcan be separated into four effects: the pureterms of trade effect, the tax revenue effect,the transit tax revenue effect and the resourcegain effect (resources set free by a reductionin transport activity). A CGE simulation ofeach of these effects identifies theirquantitative implications. Out of the foureffects the pure terms of trade effect turnsout to dominate at both the sectoral andaggregate level. It triggers a trade-inducedwelfare loss. The tax revenue effect, and lessso the transit revenue effect, mitigate thisloss. For a full road transport costinternalization a trade-induced welfare loss isquantified for Austria at 1.3%. Sensitivity ofthis and other aggregate variables is high withrespect to household reaction to transport taxrevenue refunding. The trade-induced welfareloss of variable size as explored in thisarticle counterbalances a fraction of thewelfare gain due to internalization.     

跨国公司转移定价及我国的法律调整

该文在系统的阐述国际税法转移定价法律调整制度的基础上，分析和评述了我国现行转移定价法律调整制度的立法现状和不足，并提出完善我国现行转移定价法律制度的建议，以维护我国在国际经济交往中的国家主权和税收利益。     

Tax Structure and Revenue Instability Under External Shocks: Some General Equilibrium Calculations for Côte D'Ivoire

This paper presents some general equilibrium calculations for Côte d'Ivoire which explore the significance of tax structure for the relationship between external shocks and revenue instability, an issue until recently little explored in the literature, either for Côte d'Ivoire or other developing countries. Results suggest that a low-rate broadly based value-added tax, as advocated by the World Bank in its structural adjustment lending, may be a poor revenue stabilizer compared with existing trade-based tax regimes in many lower-income commodity exporting countries. With high trade taxes, the external sector is smaller, and external sector shocks generate less revenue instability under existing arrangements compared with a broadly based yield-neutral alternative, such as a VAT.     

Regulating an Externality-Generating Utility Environmental Taxes Under Limited Information

Global warming is currently an important item on most nationalenvironmental agendas. In many countries, coal-fired electricity generatingstations represent an important source of greenhouse gases. We examinehow regulations to curb emissions affect public utility pricing regulationwhen regulators act non-cooperatively. We show that, when there is limitedinformation on fixed abatement costs, an environmental regulator prefersan emission tax over an output tax or a lump sum environmental tax. Thepublic utility regulator prefers the lump sum tax regime.     

Company taxation and tax spillovers: Separate accounting versus formula apportionment

It is observed in the real world that taxes matter for location decisions and that multinationals shift profits by transfer pricing. The US and Canada use so-called formula apportionment (FA) to tax corporate income, and the EU is debating a switch from separate accounting (SA) to FA. This paper develops a theoretical model that compares basic properties of FA to SA. The focal point of the analysis is how changes in tax rates affect capital formation, input choice, and transfer pricing, as well as on spillovers on tax revenue in other countries. The analysis shows that a move from SA to FA will not eliminate such spillovers and will, in cases identified in the paper, actually aggravate them.     

国际服务外包转移与中国的承接对策

近几年,国际服务外包从发达国家向新兴市场国家转移的趋势渐趋明显。在新一轮全球产业转移中,主动承接国际服务外包,应当是新兴发展中国家必须把握的重大机遇,也是中国在新的形势下推进加工贸易转型升级和转变经济增长方式的最佳路径。当前要充分认识到承接国际服务外包转移的重要性,采取综合的、配套的措施积极承接服务外包的国际转移。     

Revising the conventional tax-effort principle

The standard methodology on tax-effort (i.e., the ratio of actual tax revenue to its optimal level) is to run a regression of actual tax revenue on countries’ specific (macroeconomic, demographic, geographical, political, social, and institutional) variables. The resulting predicted (fitted) values are then taken to represent the optimal (desired or maximum) level of tax revenue. The crucial issue of tracing out how the optimal tax revenue should be allocated to the fiscal objectives (equity, efficiency) does not seem to be of any interest to the researchers on tax-effort. The present paper argues that the standard methodology is not without faults and needs revising. We demonstrate that an optimal tax system can be safely derived from maximizing a utility function with respect to (in)direct tax rates. The manipulation of the first-order conditions, using a novel mathematical module, leads to an infinite number of optimal direct–indirect tax rates. The selection of the optimal mix of these tax rates is dependent on the country-specific households’ preferences over equity/efficiency, as they are formulated by voters’ volition in election periods. A simulation procedure helps understanding how the optimal tax revenue is chosen and how it can be optimally allocated to fiscal objectives, in the context of a panel data set including a large number of developed and developing countries. Throughout our text, the optimal tax revenue is defined as the sum of the products of the optimal (in)direct tax rates and their corresponding tax bases. In the simple Arrow–Debreu economy, the above sum is shown to be equal to the difference between income and consumption.     

Tax effort performance in sub-Sahara Africa and the role of colonialism

Governments in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) have tended to rely unduly on foreign aid and debt financing for the provision of public goods such as health, basic education and infrastructure. Domestic tax revenue could play a significant role in funding such expenditures. However, to date tax revenue collection in SSA has only averaged about 15% of GDP. In this paper we employ cluster analysis to enhance our understanding in the variations in tax effort performance amongst SSA countries. Past studies of tax effort performance in SSA have resorted to economic events or factors to explain the tax effort performance. We argue here that it is necessary to consider historical events to provide a fuller explanation. We provide evidence to show that the different colonial policies pursued in SSA have had a long lasting and profound effect on the countries' tax revenue performance.