The development of hydraulic and geomorphic complexity in recently formed streams in Glacier Bay National Park,Alaska

Geomorphic and hydraulic complexity within five streams representing 200 years of stream development were examined in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Channel geomorphic units (CGUs) were mapped using a hierarchical approach, which defined stream habitat according to morphological and hydraulic characteristics. Detailed hydraulic assessment within the geomorphic units allowed differences in hydraulic characteristics across the 200‐year chronosequence to be documented. Channel geomorphology and hydrology changed as stream age increased. Younger streams were dominated by fast flowing geomorphic units such as rapids and riffles with little hydraulic or landscape diversity. As stream age increased, slower flowing habitat units such as glides and pools became more dominant, resulting in increased geomorphic, hydraulic and landscape diversity. These results suggest that geomorphic and hydraulic complexity develop over time, creating habitat features likely to be favoured by instream biota, enhancing biodiversity and abundance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Downstream effects of diversion dams on sediment and hydraulic conditions of Rocky Mountain streams

Reduced streamflow via flow diversion has the potential to limit the sediment‐transport capacity of downstream channels and lead to accumulation of fine sediments and habitat degradation. To investigate, we examined the effects of variable levels of flow diversion on fine‐sediment deposition, hydraulic conditions and geomorphic alteration. Our study consisted of a detailed field analysis pairing reaches above and below diversion dams on 13 mountain streams in north‐central Colorado and southern Wyoming USA. Diversions are ubiquitous across the American West, yet previous comparative studies on the effects of flow diversion have yielded mixed results. Through application of strict site‐selection criteria, multiple fine‐sediment measures, and an intensive sampling scheme, this study found that channels downstream of diversions contained significantly more fine sediment and slow‐flowing habitat as compared to upstream control reaches. Susceptibility to fine‐sediment accumulation was associated with decreasing basin size, decreasing bankfull depth and smaller d₈₄, and it appears to be magnified in streams of less than 3% slope. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河下游冰坝形成条件分析

黄河下游河道由于特定的地理位置,河道形态和水文、气象条件的组合,常常造成凌讯期部分河道卡冰结坝。通过对黄河下游河道冰坝的形成机理、冰坝的类型、冰坝的生消演变规律的分析,对进一步开展黄河下游河道冰坝的预测预报,搞好黄河下游防凌工作有着重要意义。     

流凌条件下弯道水力特性数值模拟

采用VOF技术,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型,结合拉格朗日粒子模型,通过建立弯曲度不同的弯道,对流凌条件下弯道的水力特性进行了模拟研究.结果表明:流凌过弯后主要集中在凹岸,集聚明显;流凌的存在增大了凹岸表层水流的横向环流,在一定程度上影响凸岸底部大环流的发展;各弯道进口断面最大水面流速均大于出口;随弯曲度的增大,冰水流凹...     

非冻结合成模型冰的动摩擦系数

本文介绍非冻结(DUT-1)合成模型冰的主要性能和实验动摩擦系数。通过实验测试了DUT-1合成模型冰浸水后与浸水模型冰断面之间，同铝板、刷漆木板、有机玻璃板表面之间的滑动摩擦力。获得浸水模型冰之间的内聚力为4～14Pa，内摩擦角为24～26°。平均动摩擦系数为0.49，它与天然海冰、河冰的动摩擦系数范围相同，也与几种合成模型冰的一致。还得到DTU-1模型冰与铝板的平均摩擦系数是0.37；与刷漆木板是0.57；与有机玻璃板是0.38，所有的动摩擦系数都随正压应力、运动速度的增加而降低。     

部分冰盖下水流水力特性数值模拟

运用Fluent软件建立雷诺应力模型,模拟不同冰盖覆盖度下恒定均匀流流场,从纵向时均流速、二次流、雷诺应力、紊动能等方面揭示部分冰盖下水流的水力特性。结果表明：岸冰的形成会导致冰盖下水流在断面上重新分配,明流区流速增大,冰盖下流速减小;横向动量交换产生复杂的二次流结构,涡体形状、数量、大小和位置随着冰盖覆盖度的增加而变化;雷诺应力断面分布较复杂,冰盖附近区域雷诺应力为负值,负值区范围与冰盖覆盖度密切相关,并凸向明流区;冰盖、边壁和床面的粗糙度不同导致紊动能在断面上的分布呈现出明显的差异,冰盖区紊动能大于明流区的值,反映出岸冰对冰盖下水流结构影响的复杂性。     

基于离散元方法与水动力学耦合的河冰动力学模型

流凌和冰坝是我国北方冬季比较常见的河冰现象,尤其冰坝,可导致严重的凌洪灾害,是河冰研究中的重要部分。本文将离散单元方法与二维水动力学相耦合,建立河冰的动力学数值模型,以模拟河冰输移、聚集、堆积,以及冰坝形成的动力过程。针对河道中大量密集且几何形状随机的流冰现象,采用扩展多面体单元对冰块进行构造,并通过离散元接触模型表征河冰输移和冰坝形成过程中冰块间的相互作用。河流水动力部分则采用考虑河冰影响的二维非定常浅水方程进行描述,并采用有限元方法进行数值计算。冰水耦合中的计算参数由河冰离散单元与其所在水动力学有限元网格节点的位置插值计算得到。通过对冰盖封河造成水位抬高过程的数值模拟,并将计算结果与理论分析结果以及DynaRICE河冰模型的模拟结果进行对比,以验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,对规则河道中河冰输移、堆积和形成冰坝的过程进行数值模拟和结果分析。通过以上河冰离散元与水动力学的耦合方法及其对河冰动力过程的数值模拟,对河冰动力过程从细观角度进行新的认识并为河冰动力过程研究提供一种有效的数值方法。     

黄河巴彦高勒河段冰塞机理研究

巴彦高勒河段位于黄河内蒙古河段上段，封河时容易形成冰塞，特别是自1986年以来，巴彦高勒河段几乎连年冬季形成严重冰塞，灾害损失惨重.本文详细分析了1986年前后巴彦高勒河段水力条件、热力条件和河道边界条件三方面的变化，从而研究冰塞的形成原因及条件，利用冰水力学理论研究巴彦高勒冰塞的形成机理。     

黄河什四份子弯道河冰生消及冰塞形成过程分析

什四份子弯道因其特殊的河道形态及地理位置而成为黄河内蒙古段易发生冰塞断面。通过对2014—2015年冬季该段野外冰情监测及水文、气象资料分析,结合Landsat8遥感影像数据解译,研究了什四份子弯道河冰生消及冰塞形成过程。结果表明,野外观测结合遥感影像解译能够准确地反映河冰的时空特性。该河段弯道凹岸处冲积岸冰及凸岸静态岸冰的生长,极大地束窄了河面宽度,降低了水流的输冰能力,而使其成为初始卡冰位置;冰盖至此向上游发展,弯道下游因来冰量减少和上下游水力坡度增大而形成清沟;受弯道径向水流方向改变及弯道螺旋流的影响,导致冰花在冰盖下主槽与滩地的交界处堆积;稳封期受气温升降变化使得冰盖表面冻融交替,冲积冰反射率增大,后期解译的遥感影像中平滑岸冰面积较初始封河期增加。     

Analytical solution based on stream-aquifer interactions in partially penetrating streams

An analytical solution of drawdown caused by pumping was developed for an aquifer partially penetrated by two streams.The proposed analytical solution modifies Hunt's analytical solution and considers the effects of stream width and the interaction of two streams on drawdown.Advantages of the solution include its simple structure,consisting of the Theis well function and parameters of aquifer and streambed semipervious material.The calculated results show that the proposed analytical solution agrees with a previously developed acceptable solution and the errors between the two solutions are equal to zero without consideration of the effect of stream width.Also,deviations between the two analytical solutions incrcase with stream width.Four cases were studied to examine the effect of two streams on drawdown,assuming that some parameters were changeable,and other parameters were constant,such as the stream width,the distance between the stream and the pumping well,the stream recharge rate,and the leakage coefficient of streambed semipervious material.     

寒区水库冰盖形成与消融机理分析

根据对黑龙江省胜利水库冬季冰盖十余年资料的研究，考虑冰盖与大气、水的热交换过程及水库水温变化对冰盖厚度的影响等因素，建立了寒区水库冰盖生长的一维数值模型并给出了求解方法。与传统经验法相比，此模型考虑因素多，计算结果更符合实际，精度较高。同时还探讨了水库冰盖消融阶段冰压力沿深度分布规律、累积日平均气温与冰厚的关系和水库开库方式与累积气温的关系等。     

Exploring functional flow heterogeneity in regulated flow regime: Fish species turnover along hydraulic gradients in an artificial waterway network

Humans have altered river flows leading to a loss of connection with floodplain habitats. The expansion of agriculture in floodplains has resulted in landscapes dominated by irrigated farmland. A key challenge in water management is to conserve existing ecological communities and habitat heterogeneity, while simultaneously maintaining engineered infrastructure for agriculture. In this study, we focused on an artificial channel network for irrigation with a regulated flow regime and its function as habitat for various fish species. Differences in hydraulic conditions among channels and compositional changes in fish species were examined to clarify functional flow heterogeneity. Analyzed using pairwise Simpson dissimilarity among sampling reaches, species turnover was positively associated with Froude number (flow intensity) differences at intermediate discharges, and with differences in cross-sectional areas (flow magnitude) at low discharges. Drastic changes in inflows should be considered for the effective conservation of flow heterogeneity, even under a regulated flow regime. Improved engineering design to manage the hydraulic environment is one option for maintaining the ecological value of lateral waterbodies in human-dominated landscapes. Our findings provide insights into the importance of functional flow heterogeneity to conserve fish species diversity.     

冰上石笼自然沉排的冰热力学和力学理论及应用

为了有效实施冰上石笼的自然沉排,2020—2021年冬季在黄河什四份子弯道开展了现场试验.综合该冬季气象资料、石笼沉排周边冰面变形观测资料、实测冰厚资料以及以往冰力学成果,得到黄河什四份子石笼自然沉排试验期间的冰-水界面热通量9.06 W/m2和冰层长期载荷下承载力衰减系数0.08,构建包含冰厚、冰温和衰减时间的冰层承...     

大庆水库冰表面温度特征及其在冰工程实践应用方法探讨

根据冰面热平衡方程并以大庆红旗泡水库冰面观测的气温、太阳辐射、风速、相对湿度、冰厚数据以及水库附近安达气象站记录的云量、湿度和海平面气压数据,求解了2009/2010年度冬季的冰表面温度,并分析了冰表面温度特征及其同太阳辐射之间的关系、同气温、风速之间的响应关系。在此基础上,就传统考虑的抗冰工程设计所需的设计冰表面温度进行了评估;就日益增加的安全用冰工程设计所需冰表面温度取值也给予定量讨论;对气候变化下的冰内和冰下水体生态适应问题所需的冰面温度日内变化速率和开河期冰凌爆破所需冰表面温度的取值也进行探索。尽管受国际气象资料观测规定的限制,历史资料的应用存在利用接近观测时刻资料的事实,但仍然期望这些分析和讨论能够推动科学地、更广阔地应用冰表面温度。     

细观结构不均匀性对混凝土动弯拉强度的影响

本文在随机骨料模型的基础上,提出了既能反映混凝土骨料分布随机性又能反映混凝土细观各相材料力学特性随机性的随机骨料随机参数模型。利用该模型并考虑材料的细观力学的应变率效应,对湿筛混凝土和全级配混凝土梁进行了三分点冲击弯拉断裂数值模拟,分析了混凝土材料参数的离散性、混凝土级配以及初始静预载水平对其动弯拉强度的影响。研究表明：(1)随混凝土材料的弹性模量和抗拉强度的离散性增大,静弯拉强度和动弯拉强度降低,但动弯拉强度增强系数得到提高;(2)一定条件下全级配的混凝土梁的动弯拉强度增强系数高于湿筛混凝土梁的动弯拉强度增强系数;(3)为了更准确地确定动弯拉强度增强系数,应该考虑混凝土级配和初始预静载水平所产生的应变率效应对其的影响。     

河渠冰水力学、冰情观测与预报研究进展

冰情预报是进行防凌指挥、调度、决策的重要科学依据,也是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及冰水力学、热力学、气象及人工智能等学科。本文回顾了近几十年来冰水力学基础理论、模型实验和原型观测、冰情预报等方面的研究进展,包括:冰盖下流动的糙率计算,冰盖、冰塞、冰坝形成发展的理论研究及数值模拟,模型实验、原型观测典型成果,探地雷达、超声波技术、摄影、摄像、遥感、无人机航拍等现代冰情观测技术的发展与应用等。在此基础上,总结和归纳出研究现状及存在的一些急需解决的科学问题。     

试论冰水力学模型的相似律

本文从近几年来对冰水力学的研究中认为：浮冰运动与推移质泥沙运动规律相似性出发，根据力的平衡原理，提出了冰水力学模型中的水流运动，漂移质运动的相似关系式，进而提出在水流运动相似条件下，初春开河期大尺度冰块及初冬流凌期小尺度冰冻化的两种情况下输冰相似关系式，也得到冰流量的关系式。     

黄河小北干流河段凌汛灾害成因分析及其对策

黄河小北干流凌汛 ,突发性强 ,破坏力较大 ,给晋陕两省造成了严重灾害 ,经济损失巨大 ,本文通过对 1 996年和 2 0 0 0年两年发生的凌汛成因进行了初步分析 ,为今后研究凌汛成因提供了参考