Benefit or damage? The productivity effects of FDI in the Chinese food industry

We investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the total factor productivity of Chinese food firms using firm-level census data between 1998 and 2007 (174,940 sample food firms). We test for within-firm, within-industry, and vertical effects. We find that the effect of FDI on the productivity of Chinese food firms depends significantly on the type of FDI and its countries of origin. FDI from non-HMT (Hong Kong, Macaw and Taiwan) regions can improve the productivity of the invested firm, and also increases the productivity of domestic food firms through vertical industry linkages. However, domestic food firms may be crowded out by non-HMT investment in the same industry. HMT investment can generate positive within-industry productivity spillovers, but negative vertical spillovers. Our findings have immediate implications for policymakers in China, as well as for governments of less developed countries that are formulating foreign investment policies.     

FDI对中国汽车零部件产业的关联溢出效应研究——基于中国汽车工业面板数据的经验分析

FDI对本土汽车零部件产业的关联溢出效应,受行业特征、技术差距以及FDI股权形式（合资和独资）的影响,并具有明显的滞后性。通过对我国1998～2014年汽车产业面板数据实证研究发现：在汽车整车行业,合资企业对本土汽车零部件产业的后向关联溢出效应显著为正,但受技术差距影响,正向的溢出效应具有滞后性。而独资企业的后向关联溢出效应不明显。在汽车零部件行业,合资和独资企业在初期对本土汽车零部件产业都有正向的关联溢出效应,后期合资企业的关联溢出效应逐渐扩大,而独资企业的关联溢出效应减弱至不显著。     

FDI技术行业内溢出还是行业间溢出——基于广东工业面板数据的经验分析

本文对广东工业行业面板数据进行回归分析,明确区分和分别测定FDI技术溢出的行业内溢出和行业间溢出,并从FDI市场导向性和企业所有制类型两个细分层面对技术溢出情况进行了研究。结果发现,FDI的后向关联溢出相比行业内溢出是更重要的溢出途径。FDI通过后向关联对当地供应商生产率提高有正向促进作用;通过前向关联产生的技术溢出不显著;通过水平方向对内资企业产生了"挤压效应"。同时,FDI存在与内资企业的这些绩效关系不是普遍一致的,而是主要存在于FDI为国内市场导向和针对内资非国有企业。     

The effect of own-firm and other-firm experience on foreign direct investment survival in the United States, 1987–92

We argue that foreign firms operating in a host country generate information spillovers that have potential value for later foreign direct investment. We test two predictions. First, we expect foreign direct investments by firms with experience in a host country to be more likely to survive than investments made by first-time entrants. Second, foreign direct investments will be more likely to survive the greater the foreign presence in the target industry at the time of investment, subject to two contingencies. The first contingency is that the relationship will be weak or nonexistent among firms with no experience in the host country, because these firms have difficulty evaluating and taking advantage of the information spillovers. The second contingency is that the presence of other foreign firms will not affect investment survival among firms that already have a presence in the target industry and undertake expansion. These firms already possess general information about the target industries and are unlikely to gain additional benefit from information spillovers. We find supportive evidence based on the survival to 1992 among 354 U.S. investments undertaken by foreign firms in manufacturing industries during 1987. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does Foreign Direct Investment Crowd Out Domestic Entrepreneurship?

In analyzing firm entry and exit across Belgian manufacturing industries, this paper presents evidence that import competition and foreign direct investment discourage entry and stimulate exit of domestic entrepreneurs. These results are in line with theoretical occupational choice models that predict foreign direct investment would crowd out domestic entrepreneurs through their selections in product and labor markets. However, the empirical results also suggest that this crowding out effect may be moderated or even reversed in the long-run due to the long term positive effects of FDI on domestic entrepreneurship as a result of learning, demonstration, networking and linkage effects between foreign and domestic firms.     

Foreign Ownership,Competition, and Survival Dynamics

The impact of foreign direct investment on host countries’ industrial sectors has received considerable attention. It is shown by many researchers that foreign plants are more productive than are domestic ones, but the empirical evidence regarding spillovers is not unambiguous. In this paper, we suggest that the impact of foreign direct investment on local industry hinges on the dynamics of foreign and domestic plants—i.e., on entry and selection (exit) processes. Our analysis of foreign investment and competition dynamics in Turkish manufacturing industry for the period 1983–2001 indicates that foreign plants have a better performance level than do domestic ones when they are first established in the local market, and, subsequently, are more likely to survive but; the difference in survival probabilities disappears when the industry and/or plant characteristics are controlled for. Moreover, foreign presence seems to have no long-term effect on the survival prospects of domestic plants.      

R&D investment dynamics in agglomerations under weak appropriability regimes: Evidence from Indian R&D labs

What are the dynamics of R&D investment when firms agglomerate in environments with weak intellectual property rights protection? Specifically, do foreign and domestic firms present equal opportunities for free riding by domestic firms in such environments? We examine the impact on local firms' R&D investment from knowledge spillovers originating from co‐located foreign and domestic firms within and across industries. Building on fieldwork in India, we predict free riding by local firms on nearby foreign and local firms. Furthermore, we expect local firms to free ride more from other local firms within their industry and from foreign firms across industries. Analyzing a sample of 3,475 R&D lab investment decisions during 2003–2010 in India, we find that local firms free ride from other local firms both within and across industries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

谁从谁获益:中国制造业中的外商直接投资

本文利用中国制造业1995年和2003年的行业数据，实证研究了不同国别外资企业与不同所有制内资企业组合产生的溢出效应模式。结果发现．外资存在与内资企业绩效间的关系并不是普遍而一致的．而是与外资企业的国别和内资企业的所有制类型密切相关。我们研究的主要结果表明，西方国家的投资较港、澳、台和海外华人投资对内资企业的影响相对更大。进一步发现西方企业对国有企业具有正向的溢出效应。而港、澳、台和海外华人企业则改进了内资非国有企业而不是国有企业的绩效。本文所发现的外资在中国制造业中溢出效应的有趣模式建议外资政策设计应着力促进不同类型外资与内资企业之间的特定组合，特别是西方跨国公司与本土国有企业及港、澳、台和海外华人企业与本土非国有企业之间的合作和良性互动．从而最大化外资溢出带来的溢出好处。     

Do managerial ties in China always produce value? Competition,uncertainty, and domestic vs. foreign firms

While most advocate that foreign firms should utilize managerial ties to conduct business in China, recent literature cautions that such ties may offer only conditional value. This study examines three sources of heterogeneity that may condition the value of ties: firm ownership (foreign vs. domestic), competition, and structural uncertainty. Results from a survey of 280 firms in China indicate that though foreign and domestic firms utilize ties at a similar level, their performance gains from tie utilization differ. Managerial ties have a monotonic, positive effect on performance for domestic firms, whereas the effect is curvilinear (i.e., inverted U-shaped) for foreign firms. Therefore, compared with domestic firms, foreign firms have a competitive disadvantage from tie utilization. Furthermore, managerial ties are less effective for fostering performance when competition becomes more intense. However, ties lead to higher levels of firm performance when structural uncertainty increases. Overall, these results support the contingency view of managerial ties and caution companies about the unconditional use of ties as the market becomes more heterogeneous. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Political hazards and entry modes of Chinese investments in Africa

Africa has achieved the fastest growth rate of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) recently. Yet heightened political hazards present substantial challenges to foreign firms in Africa. This study examines the entry strategies that firms may take to mitigate such hazards by exploring the relationship between political hazards and entry mode choices in Africa. We further consider how an investing firm’s host country experience and foreign aid provided by its home country government to host countries in Africa can influence this relationship. In a sample of listed Chinese firms’ investments in Africa from 2000 to 2014, we find that Chinese firms tend to use the joint venture mode when political hazards are high in an African country. This relationship is weakened when they accumulate host country experience and when the Chinese government’s foreign aid to an African country increases. Our findings point to firm-level strategies to mitigate political hazards as well as instruments available to home country governments to help their multinational firms operating in host countries characterized by unstable political environments.     

Productivity enhancement at home via cross‐border acquisitions: The roles of learning and contemporaneous domestic investments

We examine whether ex post domestic productivity gains accrue to firms making cross‐border acquisitions. We argue that cross‐border acquisitions can enhance the acquirers' productivity at home, and we posit that these domestic productivity gains will be greater when there are learning opportunities in the target's host country and when contemporaneous domestic productivity‐enhancing investments are made by the acquirer in conjunction with the acquisition. These predictions are supported by data drawn from a sample of French acquiring and nonacquiring firms. Our results indicate that cross‐border acquisitions and investing in productivity at home are complementary: each makes the other more beneficial to firm productivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small and medium-sized firms' import behavior: The case of Danish industrial purchasers

This paper focuses on the foreign purchase behavior of small and medium-sized industrial firms in a small European country, and is guided by three main research issues: (1) to what extent are small and medium-sized firms involved in international sourcing; (2) how do small and medium-sized firms initially make contact with foreign suppliers, and what are their motives for choosing a supplier; and (3) how do small and medium-sized firms perceive relationships with foreign suppliers in terms of perceived problems and cooperation? Through a survey administered in Denmark, the results show that small and medium-sized industrial firms are highly involved in international purchasing both within the European Union and abroad. Surprisingly, this involvement does not appear to be significantly driven by lack of domestic availability. Instead, the primary drivers for choosing a foreign supplier are price and quality. Finally, product adaptation appears to be a significant element of relationship formation between importers and their suppliers. The paper concludes with a discussion of results, implications, and directions for future research.     

Foreign Entry and Firm Advertising Intensity: Evidence from China

This paper investigates the determinants of advertising intensity at the firm level by focusing on the role of foreign entry. In a monopolistically competitive market with heterogeneous firms, we show that foreign entry affects the expected advertising intensity of domestic firms through its impact on the cost of resources, brand image, and productivity spillovers and its impact on firms’ exit behaviour. Then, using comprehensive firm-level data from China’s manufacturing sector between 2005 and 2007, we test this hypothesis and find that foreign entry significantly affects advertising intensity.     

FDI对中国工业增长和技术进步的贡献

本文以实证分析为主，描述、分析了FDI对中国工业增长的重要贡献。外商直接投资的重要作用，体现在提供资金来源、改善投资效益、扩大产出、增加利税、引进先进技术、提升人力资源等许多方面。本文分别对上述方面进行描述和分析。结论是，外资经济不仅推动着中国工业的持续增长，而且改变着中国工业增长的方式，提高了中国工业增长的质量。     

Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom Estimates for U.K. Manufacturing Using the ARD

Review of Industrial Organization - There is a general assumption in much of the literature on FDI that foreign owned plants have higher productivity. The purpose of this paper is to answer the...     

Acquisition announcements and stock market valuations of acquiring firms' rivals: A test of the growth probability hypothesis in China

To examine the impact of acquisition announcements on the stock market returns of rivals of the acquiring firms, we propose a growth probability hypothesis: when an acquisition is announced, it signals the potential for future growth in the acquirer's industry to the market, resulting in positive stock market reactions to rivals of the acquiring firms. We test the growth probability hypothesis with a longitudinal sample of Chinese domestic and cross‐border acquisitions during 1993–2008. The results provide robust support for this hypothesis as a means to explain market reactions to rivals of acquiring firms. We also empirically test and negate alternative theoretical explanations advanced in prior literature to explain positive market reactions to rivals of the target firms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ownership Advantages, Foreign Production and Productivity: Evidence from Austrian Manufacturing Firms

Multi-plant economies of scale generated by firm-specific assets form a constituent feature of multinational firms. This paper uses a panel of Austrian manufacturing firms to test for multi-plant economies of scale by examining the dependence of labor productivity in plants of the home country on the volume of foreign production. As there is an inherent causality problem in testing this proposition, the econometric estimates use a simultaneous equation framework. The estimation results indeed indicate that firms which operate plants abroad achieve productivity advantages in domestic plants. The same holds true for affiliates of foreign multinationals.     

网络嵌入、FDI主导型集群与本土企业发展——以苏州地区自行车集群为例

近些年来,伴随着外资主导型产业集群的大量出现,其能否促进东道国企业的发展,逐渐引起了学者们的重视。本文从经济社会学的角度,分析了苏州地区的昆山和太仓陆渡镇的FDI主导型自行车集群及其演变．认为在传统产业的集群中。初期本土企业与外资企业嵌入于不同的网络结构而形成的二元性网络．以及网络嵌入所具有的路径依赖性,将使得外资集群出现“飞地”效应。但是从长期来看,由于网络内外部环境的变化,外资网络有可能与当地企业网络逐渐融合,从而使得技术溢出的可能性增加。而地方政府作为社会资源的动员者,能够重塑当地的产业社群网络,以及充当外资和本土网络间的“中介人”,促进外资与当地网络的融合,从而推动当地企业的发展。     

政府补助、信贷融资与中小企业创新投资力实证研究

创新是推动中小企业持续发展,获得竞争优势的重要力量。本文就是否影响创新投资的两个因素：政府补助和银行信贷,基于深市中小板的企业样本展开实证研究。研究结果表明：相比科技型中小企业,政府补助或信贷融资更有利于制造型中小企业进行创新投资。另一方面,政府补助对于这两类企业的创新投资都具有正向的驱动作用。但是,单纯信贷融资对于科技型中小企业创新投资的影响作用不显著,对于制造型中小企业的影响甚至是负向的。因此,仅仅依靠银行信贷来推动中小企业创新是不合理的,应该加大政府扶持力度,推动中小企业,特别是制造型中小企业进行创新投资。     

长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI的互动关系研究

结合长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI分布的现状,以产业竞争力为关键切入点,逐次分析长三角资本密集型制造业集聚对FDI的影响路径以及FDI对长三角资本密集型制造业集聚的影响路径,并以日企在苏州电子信息产业的投资为例,对长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI互动关系进行分析,研究结果表明,长三角资本密集型制造业集聚程度较高的行业,外资分布也较多;在长三角资本密集型制造业发展的成长阶段,FDI的进入对于产业集聚的形成起到了关键作用;随着该产业的发展进入成熟阶段,产业集聚效应进一步吸引了FDI的进入,长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI之间通过产业竞争力这一间接导体产生了一种"良性循环"。