自然垄断产业的产权改革与规制:我国航空运输业例证

我国航空运输产业在发展中经历了产权、竞争与规制改革。产权改革与进入规制的放松是我国航空运输业改革成功的必要条件。在这一前提下,引入竞争同时放松价格规制对产业改革的成功起到至关重要的影响。此外,少数民营公司的成功运营表明私有资本能够最大化资本的利用效果。然而,多数民营航空公司的失败案例则表明价格下限规制和优质航线的不对称进入规制等制度环境是民营资本生存和发展的最大阻碍。     

The impacts of market power on power grid efficiency: Evidence from China

Since 1980s, China has experienced a series of reforms to support the development of electricity industry, and the latest one is in 2015. The essence of this new reform is to improve efficiency and lower energy cost. However, China's electricity market has its particularity. The “provinces as entities” is the main regulation frame in China's electricity sector. The operation of the electricity industry can be seen as a game result and interest compromise between the local government and grid companies, and this “win-win exchange” regulation failure leads to grid market power. The profit mode of the grid enterprises will be gradually changed with the deepening of new electricity reform. How to regulate electricity transmission and distribution sector and improve grid efficiency becomes a crucial problem to address. This paper aims to examine the relationship between market power and power grid efficiency. We calculate the unconditional and conditional efficiency of grid companies by applying a conditional slack-based measure (SBM) model. The empirical results show that grid efficiency is at a low level and the indicators differ among provinces and regions. Moreover, market power indeed has significant negative effects on power grid efficiency. These findings provide some insightful references for the future development of China's power industry and electricity reform.     

欧盟能源一体化战略探析

欧盟的能源一体化战略着力于对内完善欧洲能源内部市场和统一内部标准,对外进行对外能源对话与发展战略合作伙伴关系,并采取了一些前瞻性的措施,以便通过"缓慢的能源市场一体化",逐步建立一个以欧盟为中心的跨国能源大市场。虽然能源一体化取得了巨大成就,但也存在许多阻碍,例如欧盟各成员国在电力和天然气市场的竞争政策差异以及欧盟制度因素对能源市场一体化的阻碍。     

Problems of residential heat supply in Russia

The paper analyzes the residential heat supply in the country in 2000–2009. Russia’s transition to a market economy has caused a negative heat supply of households receiving heat from district heating (DH) systems, which significantly reduces the population’s living standard. The regional DH systems built under the planned economy do not meet the conditions of today’s realities and must undergo substantial organizational, technical, and technological reorganization for the benefit of the main consumers of heat energy, i.e., the population and social area. Measures for heat supply reorganization are suggested.     

Stability of the market for electrical energy

Summary The objective of this paper has been to develop a model of the demand and supply of electrical energy at the individual utility level. Using the model developed, the stability of the market was then investigated. An attempt has been made to incorporate the technological and institutional rigidities that result in a lag in the adjustment between the actual price in a period and an expected normal price which plays a central role in determining the quantity of electrical energy supplied. The model is estimated using data for two different utilities, one located in the western United States and another located in the eastern United States. It is found that expected normal price adjusts rather slowly to actual price, that the elasticity of supply with respect to expected normal price is negative, and most importantly, for the two utilities the market is stable. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the policies of the Federal Energy Administration or the views of other Federal Energy Administration staff members.     

我国新能源企业高管团队组成特征与企业绩效的关系:董事会与股权结构的调节作用

新能源产业是"十二五"能源规划的重中之重,将面临巨大的机遇和挑战。我国新能源产业起步较晚,产业内政策体系不完善,具有资本密集性和技术密集性的特点,并且竞争非常激烈。在这样一个快速变动的环境中,董事会、股权结构对高管团队及企业绩效的影响关系到企业长期稳定发展。本文以在我国沪深两市上市的新能源企业为研究对象,探讨高管团队组成特征(包括规模、年龄及教育程度)与企业绩效(包括财务绩效与市场绩效)的关系,并以董事会权力、股权结构为调节变量进行实证分析。研究结果表明,随着市场竞争度的不断增强,规模较大的高管团队的优势凸显,同时,平均年龄较小的高管团队对企业绩效有明显的促进作用,此外,代表董事会权力的董事会持股比例较高可以强化高管团队组成特征与企业绩效的关系。     

对我国能源安全战略问题的思考

能源安全是能源供应安全和能源使用安全的有机统一,能源安全的重要性已得到国际社会普遍认可。随着中国经济飞速发展带来的巨大的能源需求,国内能源供应将面临潜在的总量短缺,尤其是石油、天然气供应将面临结构性短缺,能源使用与环境保护之间的矛盾呈恶化趋势。我国应从海外开拓、国家石油战略储备、节能降耗、能源结构转换与新能源开发利用等战略方面采取有效对策,保证充足的能源供应,构筑可持续发展的社会。     

Strategic Development Outlook for the Energy Complex of Russia

The article discusses the long-term development of the energy complex and its role in the Russian economy in the context of the restructuring of world energy markets and considering the draft Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period through to 2035. Using the SCANER modelling and information complex, representative scenarios for the evolution of world energy markets have been developed, as well as relevant scenarios for the development of Russia’s economy and energy, including the dynamics of domestic consumption of major fuels and energy in view of energy conservation, as well as effective volumes and directions of basic fuel exports. Based on this, the dynamics of extraction and processing of basic fuels, the use of renewable energy resources, and electricity production by various types of power plants are optimized, and the necessary capital investments and returns on the dynamics of domestic prices for fuel and energy are determined. Changes in the main macroeconomic indicators of the contribution of the energy complex to the development of the Russian economy, corresponding to these scenarios, indicate a possible relatively rapid decrease in its dependence on energy exports.     

Localization of foreign multinational companies in Korea

In response to the 1997 Asian financial crisis that devastated the Korean economy, the government performed promotional efforts, comprehensive structural reform, and implemented policies to create a favorable environment for foreign direct investment (FDI). While the Korean government announced deregulation plans to support foreign companies, the public also became more aware of the need for foreign capital to overcome the crisis and revive the economy. The change of atmosphere and the perception on the need to induce the inflow of foreign capital provided the basis for this study. In addition, the crucial role of foreign multinational companies and their efforts to achieve market recognition in a more comprehensive way have provoked this study on the localization of foreign multinational companies in Korea. Investment purposes, entry methods, and the degree of competition by multinational companies in Korea were the variables that lead these companies to respond to localization.     

Competition in the electricity industry in England and Wales

When the electricity industry was privatized, the governmentmade structural changes to encourage competition in generationand in supply to consumers. The conventional power stationswere only divided between two companies, however, and we showthat duopolistic competition in an unregulated spot market mightimply undesirably high prices. Most sales are hedged in thecontract market, which makes the spot market more competitive,and a realistic threat of entry could also force generatorsto keep their prices down. In the event, a large amount of entrytook place, supported by the regional electricity companies'franchise monopoly over smaller consumers. That monopoly endsin 1998, so that further entry might become very difficult,while competition between firms already in the generation marketis still limited. Vertical integration between the major generatorsand regional electricity companies might make entry even harder,and should be blocked until the industry is more competitive.     

我国能源消费与经济增长的关联模型分析

能源是经济安全的一个保障因素.能源的总量不足已经成为中国经济持续增长的瓶颈制约.增加能源总量除了要加大能源开发力度,增加能源消费以外,还有降低能源消耗、提高能源利用率,从而相对增加能源供给这一有效途径.文章利用C-D生产函数构建了一个新的计量经济模型,并通过时间序列数据分析揭示了能源消费与经济增长之间的客观比例关系,并提出了使能源消费增长与经济增长保持合理比例与良性循环的政策建议.     

Russia and Europe: Energy union or energy conflict?

The possible forms of interaction between Russia and Europe in the field of energy in the near and a more distant future are analyzed. Their relations are examined from the political, legal and, most importantly, economic point of view. The world and European demand for energy resources is evaluated. The most promising hydrocarbon resources are examined, with the projections of energy consumption in Russia made considering the dynamics of the development of Russia’s economy. All these factors determine the forms the interaction between Russia and Europe in the energy field may take, taking into account both Russia’s own energy needs and Europe’s demand for Russian energy resources.     

Pricing in Russia’s sugar supply chains

The russian sugar market is considered as a production and logistics system that reflects the integration processes in the supply chain of goods. The existing plants can meet Russia??s domestic demand for sugar. To enter the international market, Russian companies need competitive prices, which can be obtained through the management of logistics costs. The development of a national stock exchange for trade in goods will have a positive effect on the formation of sugar supply chains.     

公司治理的竞争效应与规制效应分析——来自中国A股上市公司的证据

研究以中国2003—2007年所有A股上市公司为样本,借鉴Chhaoehharia和Laeven（2007,2009）以及白重恩（2005）的方法构建公司治理指数,发现公司治理结构与绩效之间存在显著的相关关系。外部董事比例、高管持股量、第一大股东持股比例、第二至第十大股东股权集中度、公司在其它市场挂牌上市以及政府控股等对绩效都有显著影响,在长期内,公司治理的竞争效应优于规制效应。这为中国公司治理改革应该更多依靠市场调节还是依赖政府干预提供了实证依据。     

垄断、竞争的表现形式与我国石油产业实际

石油产业由于自身属性对规模经济的要求决定了行业的不完全竞争性。对我国石油安全形势和产业组织发展历程的分析充分表明,以两大集团为首的国家石油公司代表国家利益掌控石油经济命脉,不仅是必要的也是必然的。国家对行业上游的掌控并未妨碍石油产业中下游的多元化竞争格局的形成。政府的石油产业政策正处在一个不断进步的正确轨道上。     

全球能源格局中的俄罗斯因素与中俄能源合作策略选择

随着世界能源格局多元化时代的到来,作为世界能源大国的俄罗斯在世界能源格局中的地位越来越举足轻重,并制定了具有长远性、综合性、相对完善的能源战略。通过对外能源合作,谋求自身安全已成为当前各能源消费国的一大趋势,作为与中国有着紧密地缘政治关系的俄罗斯来说,其能源战略必将对我国的能源合作产生直接的影响。本文在强调全球能源格局演变和俄罗斯在全球能源格局重要地位的基础上,就中俄能源合作策略选择进行了思考。     

中国企业最大的战略失误:机会至上

在中国经济由计划经济向市场经济转型的过程中的大量的机会面前,市场给予了企业巨大的增长空间.这些机会为许许多多抓住和创造它们的企业带来了财富,同时也培育了中国企业内在的机会主义本质,并造成了中国企业战略最大的失误.当前日益激烈的竞争环境下,迷茫的中国企业需要重新寻找战略方向,回归培育核心竞争力之根本.     

Path dependence and independent utility regulation: The case of Danish energy and telecommunications regulation

Abstract

The establishment of the Danish independent regulatory authorities for the energy and telecommunications sectors was based upon EU directives as part of their liberalisation process. Following the concepts of transaction costs and path dependency this article analyses differences in independence between the two authorities – the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority (Energitilsynet) and the National IT and Telecommunications Agency (IT- og Telestyrelsen) respectively. We find that the state's negligible interest in the energy sector until the 1970s formed the basis for strong energy companies capable of influencing regulation in their interest. This condition made DERA relatively dependent on commercial interests compared to NITA. In contrast, the state had an early interest in controlling and regulating telecommunications services, which meant strong control of the telecommunications companies and a regulation contingent upon political interests that has continued to this day. We therefore suggest that sector-specific institutional processes have caused differences between the regulatory institutions mediating the influence of the EU.     

知识经济后发劣势、网络外部性标准与我国ICT企业超越策略

在知识经济发展背景下,尤其是在WTO技术贸易环境下,中国ICT企业越来越处于知识经济后发劣势的被动地位,长期处于产业链的低附加值环节,在发达国家及其跨国公司的标准竞争的态势下,中国企业唯有充分利用我们的市场优势和ICT产业融合的机会点发挥超越策略才有成长的可能。文章分析了我国ICT企业超越的机会点和为什么要实施超越策略以及如何实施超越策略。     

马克思经济危机理论对社会主义市场经济建设的启示

马克思主义传统理论认为,经济危机根源于资本主义基本矛盾,是资本主义特有的经济现象。事实上经济危机的爆发是市场经济的正常现象,在我国社会主义市场经济运行过程中,同样具备了经济危机发生的基本条件和要素。所以,必须从规范市场、平衡供求、调整产业结构、改革金融体制、控制两极分化等多方面把握好宏观调控,在市场经济条件下及时转变政府职能,从而避免经济危机发生。