一种新的考虑全要素生产率的成本函数估计法

研究目标：探索全要素生产率异质性对成本函数模型估计的影响。研究方法：简要归纳出各类成本函数族和基于半参数法的生产函数改良思路,将以往用于生产函数估计的Olley-Pakes（OP法）运用到成本函数估计中,构建了一个基于半参数估计的成本函数计量模型。研究发现：通过与最小二乘法、固定效应、随机前沿的回归结果对比发现,OP法用于估计成本函数能够在一定程度上控制同步性问题以及样本选择偏差问题,并能测算与分解企业间异质的全要素生产率。研究创新：通过改良成本函数估计方法以控制全要素生产率的异质性和同步性问题。研究价值：对该方法论的探讨有助于成本函数在经济统计、计量经济模型估计、政策效应评估等领域的推广与改良。     

基于模糊优选模型的输变电工程造价管理成效评价研究

输变电工程造价管理对于电网投资效益具有重要的意义.目前对输变电工程造价管理工作成效的评价往往依靠主观判断,缺乏一种客观、准确的评价方法,为此,本文针对输变电工程造价管理成效开展评价研究.首先运用德尔菲法、层次分析法分析输变电工程造价管理的影响因素,建立综合评价指标;其次,基于模糊优选模型建立造价管理成效评价模型;最后,...     

战略成本管理中价值链分析法的应用研究

价值链分析是一种战略性的分析工具。将价值链分析法运用于战略成本管理领域,能帮助企业以新的视角看待成本因素,找到传统分析法不曾关注的降低成本的途径。引入作业成本法和作业管理思想对价值链分析法进行完善,可以提高其运用于战略成本管理的可操作性。     

基于作业成本法和会计法的成品油物流成本核算研究

文章用成品油物流活动界定成品油物流成本范围,用会计和作业成本法相结合的方法进行成品油物流成本核算。以现有的成品油生产企业商品流通费用报表数据为基础,根据作业成本法的原则将成品油物流成本按运输、仓储等成品油物流功能活动进行成本分类,用会计核算法从基础数据中提取属于物流成本的部分,并补充报表中遗漏的属于计算范围的成品油物流成本。计算出的成品油物流成本也能够比较忠实地反映成品油物流活动的真实状态。     

A cost-effective approach to stochastic line balancing with off-line repairs

The layout of production facilities is an important determinant of the productivity potential of a manufacturing enterprise. It is particularly important in the design of assembly lines where the objective is to assign tasks to work stations in such a way as to minimize total variable production costs.Early approaches to the line balancing problem assumed known constant task times and sought a line layout which would produce the desired output with the fewest number of work stations, which is equivalent to minimizing idle time. Studies have shown that task times are random variables, therefore the cost of task incompletion must be considered a part of total production cost. Incompletion cost will be the cost of repairing or completing tasks which cannot be completed within the cycle time after the item has reached the end of the assembly line.This paper describes a methodology for designing approximately minimum cost paced assembly lines under conditions of random task times and off-line repair of incompleted tasks. Task times are assumed to be normally distributed random variables with known means and variances. The methodology consists of heuristically identifying a large number of feasible balances for each of which total costs are computed. The line design with the lowest total is retained as the “best.”In order to evaluate candidate line layouts, a total cost model is developed. Total cost is the sum of normal operating cost—which is simply a function of the number of work stations—and the cost of repairing products containing incompleted tasks. Because this latter cost is a random variable for a given balance, the expected value is used to evaluate a candidate layout. The cost associated with one or more workers exceeding the cycle time is the product of the probability of this happening and the expected cost of off-line repair.The heuristic method for generating feasible balances builds work stations from continually updated lists of precedence satisfying tasks. Qualifying tasks are added to the station as long as the probability of the station exceeding the cycle time remains below a pre-specified threshold. The methodology requires systematically varying this threshold to permit a lowest total cost solution to emerge. The process of generating a large number of balances for a particular threshold is efficient. Evaluating the total costs of the resulting balances takes the majority of the computational time.An experiment was conducted in order to compare the above cost-effective methodology with a purely deterministic approach and a commonly used industrial approximation method for dealing with task time variability. The experiment applied the three methods to four problems from the literature under a variety of repair cost and time variance conditions. In 21 of the 24 cases studied, the stochastic method produced a lower cost balance than the two alternatives. In the remaining 3 cases, the deterministic method also found the lowest cost balance. The stochastic method saved an average of 22.5 percent in total operating cost over the deterministic method and 8.4 percent over the industrial method.The experiment clearly showed the need to explicitly consider task time variability in arriving at a line balance. The stochastic approach of this paper offers large potential savings with no risk of obtaining a less desirable balance and so should be considered for implementation whenever there is a variation in task times. Even for large-scale problems, the computational cost is infinitesimal in the context of assembly line balancing, where very small improvements in productivity can mean substantial increments to profitability.     

软件产品的标准成本研究

软件标准成本系统是针对制造成本法不能提供有助于成本控制的高相关度成本信息而设计出的一种控制系统。软件产品是人类智慧的结晶。如何对人类智慧进行量化,成为软件成本管理的关键点。软件企业通过生命周期成本模型的建立、分析、估算等一系列活动,建立起一种软件产品理想标准成本系统。     

工程造价预结算的审核及其质量控制

工程造价预结算是合理确定工程造价的必要程序及重要手段。为达到有效地控制工程造价的目的,实现项目目标的管理,在对其审核过程中根据实际需要,可以采用全面审核法、重点审核法、对比审核法对施工图工程量、定额和单价套用、费用计取进行审核。而要保证审核质量,一是审核人员要具有良好的职业道德与业务素质,二是要加强造价行业建设,三是要对工程造价进行全过程的管理与控制。     

基于作业成本法的企业物流成本研究

针对我国物流成本现状及物流成本的特点，结合作业成本法的原理提出了物流作业成本法。指出物流作业成本法能为企业提供准确、完拯的成本信息，同时还是优化物流活动、加强物流成本管理的有力工具。     

浅析作业成本法在企业成本控制中的应用

文章对作业成本法进行了全面的介绍,认为作业成本法是当前企业进行成本控制的有效方法,也是我国企业进行成本核算和成本管理的必然选择。     

供应链目标成本的战略选择

着重分析供应链成本管理方法中的供应链目标成本法。在介绍供应链目标成本法的基础上,分析了供应链目标成本战略及战略选择问题,并进一步提出了基于成本定价的目标成本法,以适应战略选择的要求。     

施工项目管理的成本控制机制与管理方法探讨

施工成本管理是工程项目管理的核心之一,随着我国市场经济的发展和完善,各建筑企业管理水平的提高,施工成本管理将成为建筑企业一项非常重要的管理工作,所涉及的内容有:项目成本控制及其原则、组织机构设置方法及其职责、成本分析、成本考核及奖罚兑现。文章通过对施工项目管理中的成本控制机制的分析,提出项目成本控制的管理方法。     

作业成本法在物流成本管理中的应用研究

物流成本管理是降低物流总成本，增强企业竞争优势的有效途径。本文介绍了物流成本管理和作业成本法，在与传统方法比较的基础上，分析了作业成本法在物流成本管理当中的适用性；通过对物流作业模型的分析，提出了物流成本计算的方法。     

基于物流服务水平与成本平衡的物流配送中心选址的研究

送货时间是衡量物流服务水平的标准之一,运输成本和库存成本是物流成本的关键指标。物流配送中心的科学合理布局可以有效地缩短送货时间,提高物流服务水平,同时保持低库存．并降低运输费用。首先运用层次分析法对于备选的物流配送中心地点进行筛选,在此基础上通过服务与成本模型得出符合要求的方案。     

模糊类比法在工程造价估算中的应用

工程造价的模糊估算方法是一种应用模糊数学的基本原理,对同一结构体系的拟建工程和已建工程结构方案的相似程序进行定量化对比和研究,从而快速地利用类似已建工程的造价资料估算拟建工程造价的方法。主要介绍该方法基本原理,并通过案例进行验证。     

物流管理会计与物流企业降低成本的基本途径

物流成本研究的目的是以一定的物流成本实现最高的物流服务水平。物流成本是企业参与市场竞争的重要战略资源。从物流成本的现状看主要痘结在于对物流成本的构成认识不清。以及对物流成本的计算和控制分散。缺乏相对权威的行业数据。现有会计按算体系与物流成本管理的现实之问存在着技术冲突,客观上需要有一种新的会计方法能够为企业决幕机构提供详尽的物流信息、明确物流责任、考棱物流业绩、控制物流成本,这就是物流管理会计。为此,确立了物流管理会计为主导,以探讨寻求物流企业降低成本的基奉途径,来实现物流活动的最优化和企业效益的最大化。     

Ownership structure and cost efficiency: A study of publicly owned passenger-bus transportation companies in India

This paper estimates the determinants of cost inefficiency of several publicly operated passenger-bus transportation companies in India in terms of their ownership structure as well as other firm-specific characteristics. A panel data on publicly operated passenger-bus transportation companies is used to estimate a translog cost system with inefficiency. Inefficiency is specified in such a way that both its mean and variance are firm- and time-specific. For the estimation of production technology and cost inefficiency we have used a multi-step estimation procedure instead of the single-step maximum likelihood (ML) method. In the first step we estimate the translog cost system with heteroskedastic cost function without using any distributional assumptions on the error terms. The second stage uses the ML method to estimate the parameters associated with inefficiency, conditional on the parameter estimates obtained from the first stage. Finally, the residual of the cost function is decomposed to obtain firm-and time-specific measures of cost inefficiency, with ownership type and other firm-specific characteristics as explanatory variables.Financial support of the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station is gratefully acknowledged.     

基于成本会计与作业成本法的物流成本核算研究

成本会计核算方法和ABC作业成本法在核算企业物流成本时各有优劣。通过设置与物流相关的会计科目,将二者从形式上结合起来,提出将作业成本法中成本动因的确定方法应用于分配率的选择,用于正确分配"间接费用"。通过例证说明:两者的结合既易为会计人员接受,其核算出的物流成本也更为准确。     

港口工程造价计价方式

港口工程在很大程度上受到自然因素的影响,再加上较长的建设周期,因此成本居高不下。而造价作为港口工程项目综合管理的重要指标之一,其计价是成本控制的主要方式,需要通过对影响造价计价的各种制约因素进行控制,以提高工程成本管理的有效性,最大限度发挥投资的效益,这也正是本文研究的宗旨所在。     

作业成本法在物流成本管理中的应用分析

作业成本法是适应现代企业而产生的一种成本计算方法。它促使人们对传统成本管理的企业观和成本观进行重新思索,形成了新的企业观和成本观。作业成本法在我国的物流企业成本管理中有重要的应用意义,它是改进企业内部管理的理想选择。     

Quantity,Quality, and Efficiency for a Partially Super-Additive Cost Function: Connecticut Public Schools Revisited

The dual cost function is partially super-additive when an output quantity bundle of a given quality can be produced at a lower cost by breaking up the output into a number of smaller bundles of the same quality to be produced by several firms instead of the entire bundle being produced by a single firm. In this paper, we build on Maindiratta's concept of size efficiency and propose a nonparametric method using mixed integer programming to measure cost efficiency allowing for partial super-additivity of the cost function. The proposed method is applied to data from Connecticut public school districts for the years 1980–81 through 1983–84.