企业知识吸收能力的分析框架与发展方向探析

知识吸收能力是企业不断创新、保持竞争优势的关键因素。知识吸收能力是一个企业用于获取、吸纳、转化和开发利用外部知识的技能和知识的集合。企业知识吸收能力可以从企业成员个人以及企业整体吸收能力来分析，因此企业的吸收能力也取决于影响个人吸收能力和企业成员间知识相互交流、整合的因素和机制。关于企业吸收能力的研究朝动态的方向不断发展，同时企业吸收能力也与其他领域不断交叉，为企业战略、企业理论方面提供了新的分析视角。     

国际服务外包中服务提供商的创新路径研究——基于溢出效应与吸收能力视角

国际服务外包可在东道国产生溢出效应,包括示范效应、人才流动效应、行业间的产业聚集以及关联效应等。这些效应对东道国企业技术能力的形成和提升提供了一种有效路径选择。然而,溢出效应不会自动产生,它在很大程度上取决于东道国服务提供商的吸收能力。吸收能力又受企业自身的R&D资本、人力资本、社会资本和知识管理制度等的影响。研究结合国际服务外包中不同知识外溢途径和服务提供商的吸收能力,提出了不同国际服务外包模式以及不同的溢出知识下的服务提供商的学习路径及其技术创新路径。     

浙江省区域创新体系对企业知识吸收能力的影响研究

近期国内研究大多聚焦于和的重要性,本研究探讨区域创新体系对企业知识吸收能力与创新绩效的影响,从区域创新政策、知识密集型商业服务和价值链信息资源三个维度分析区域创新体系如何影响该区域企业知识获得、同化、变通与利用能力。对158家浙江省企业进行实证调研,对研究中的假设进行检验,分析得出价值链信息资源对企业的知识吸收能力有促进作用,并提出相关建议。     

制造企业知识密集服务网络嵌入与企业绩效的关系——企业吸收能力的调节作用

针对制造业企业究竟要如何成功实现服务化战略转型的问题,文章结合网络嵌入性理论,以珠三角经济圈各类制造企业为研究对象,分析了当制造企业嵌入知识密集服务网络时,企业吸收能力对制造企业服务化战略转型绩效的影响。结果发现:制造企业嵌入知识密集服务网络,企业吸收能力越强,制造业服务化战略转型绩效获取将越有保障。同时,研究还表明,尽管制造企业知识密集服务网络嵌入对企业绩效有显著的正向影响,但其关系性嵌入对企业绩效的影响并不总是遵循线性关系。为提升制造企业从外部服务网络所获取创新知识的吸收能力,文章提出了塑造以知识为中心的企业价值观、针对性地加强组织人力资源管理、重视服务系统的研发投入等建议。     

企业多元化的知识逻辑

作为知识积累、利用和更新的实体，企业采取多元化是为了充分利用内部累积知识并不断更新内部知识，企业是否多元化取决于知识的外部交易成本与企业知识吸收能力。由于企业多元化过程包含了对新知识的吸收利用，企业多元化的方式、速度与方向受到企业知识吸收能力的限制。     

服务外包企业技术吸收能力的影响因素分析:以镇江市为例

服务外包企业的技术吸收能力决定了发包方技术外溢效应,对企业创新与区域经济的发展有着至关重要的作用。基于已有研究成果并结合服务外包的特点,从人力资本、市场环境、产业集聚程度和政府支持力度四个方面构建了评价服务外包企业技术吸收能力的指标体系。通过问卷调查并运用因子分析发现:制约镇江市服务外包企业技术吸收能力提升的最关键因子是人力资本。最后针对镇江服务外包企业技术吸收能力的制约因素,提出相应的对策与建议。     

基于知识转移理论模型的企业知识吸收能力构成维度研究

本文在分析目前理论界研究知识转移模式的三类模型(即知识转移的螺旋模式、交流模型和结构模型)的基础上,以交流模型为框架,借鉴其他两类模型的主要观点,对企业知识吸收能力的构成维度进行划分,并绘制出知识吸收能力维度矩阵,从而较为完整地反映了企业知识吸收的过程特性,为企业知识吸收能力的概念理解提供了理论依据,并在此基础上,对参与技术合作的中国企业提出了建议.     

跨国公司知识溢出质量特性与本土集群企业国际化成长关系研究——基于吸收能力调节效应的视角

新国际分工背景下,跨国公司主导的全球价值链已成为知识溢出的有效载体。本文旨在通过引入吸收能力的调节效应来探寻跨国公司知识溢出质量特性作用于本土集群企业国际化成长的微观机理。以苏州地区制造业集群企业为样本的实证研究结果表明,跨国公司知识溢出质量特性和本土集群企业吸收能力均对本土集群企业的国际化成长有显著的正向影响,而吸收能力对跨国公司的知识溢出与集群企业国际化成长之间则存在显著的调节效应。为此,要调整政府利用外商投资的政策取向,提高集群企业的吸收能力,以增强跨国公司知识溢出效应及其对本土集群企业国际化成长的促进作用。     

中小企业合作研发中知识吸收能力研究

知识是企业最重要的资源,企业与外部研究单位的合作研发已成为企业学习新知识的重要渠道。唯有快速识别知识、获取知识并且将其成功转化为新产品与技术,企业才能在知识经济的激烈竞争中得以生存。文章对中小企业合作研发的知识交换与吸收的本质、知识吸收能力进行探讨,并对企业在合作研发中如何提高知识吸收能力给出了建议。     

国际软件外包中知识溢出与创新绩效关系研究——以吸收能力为中介变量

为了深入研究国际软件外包中的知识溢出与创新绩效之间的关系,文章引入吸收能力这一中介变量,通过在全国范围内对169家企业的调研,采用探索性分析法与多元线性回归方法对国际软件外包中知识溢出和创新绩效间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明知识溢出对企业的吸收能力具有正向影响,吸收能力对企业创新绩效具有正向影响;吸收能力在知识溢出与创新绩效之间的关系中扮演部分中介的角色。     

社会资本、知识创造与企业技术创新绩效的关系模型研究

企业的技术创新需要借助内部与外部的知识,而社会资本是企业获取知识的主要来源之一。本文在分析企业的社会资本、吸收能力、知识创造和技术创新绩效四者之间关系的基础上,提出了6项关系假设,并基于此构建了社会资本与企业技术创新绩效关系的理论模型,指出企业需要通过增加社会资本的积累来促进企业吸收和创造知识的能力,进一步提高企业的技术创新绩效。     

Preparing for distant collaboration: Antecedents to potential absorptive capacity in cross-industry innovation

Cross-industry innovation entails distinctive innovation opportunities and challenges according to the knowledge heterogeneity between the collaborating firms. This heterogeneity yields increases in organizational-level cognitive distance. Whereas recent theory suggests cognitive distance is positively related to exploratory innovation, too much distance can hinder efficient knowledge absorption and results in a reduced effect on novelty value. This paper focuses on the research question of how to build potential absorptive capacity for distant collaboration beyond established industry boundaries to gain radical rather than incremental results. To address this question, we mapped a cross-industry network using survey data on 215 bilateral cross-industry collaborations between firms from a variety of industries and captured cognitive proximity (the inverse of distance) in terms of overall knowledge redundancy between firms. This approach introduces a new method to infer organizational-level cognitive distance from network analysis. Subsequently, based on results from the network analysis, we examined coordination antecedents to potential absorptive capacity for cross-industry innovation with partners at moderate and high distance applying case study analysis. Our study revealed three alternative approaches to coordination antecedents that drive a firm?s potential absorptive capacity for distant collaboration. These findings extend research on absorptive capacity to the field of cross-industry innovation.     

网络能力对企业绩效影响的实证研究

通过问卷调查利用191家企业的资料,以网络位置和吸收能力为中间变量,实证分析了网络能力对企业绩效的影响。结果显示:企业网络能力对网络位置、吸收能力具有正向作用;企业网络位置、吸收能力对企业绩效具有正向作用;而吸收能力对网络位置的作用未能通过验证。     

Absorptive capacity—one size fits all? A firm‐level analysis of absorptive capacity for different kinds of knowledge

This paper empirically analyzes the effect of R&D activities, human resource and knowledge management, and the organization of knowledge sharing within a firm on the absorptive capacity of innovative firms for three different types of knowledge, namely absorptive capacity to use knowledge from a firm's own industry, knowledge from other industries and knowledge from research institutions. Using data from the German innovation survey, we investigate how firms are able to exploit knowledge from external partners for successful innovation activities. The estimation results show that the determinants of absorptive capacity differ with respect to the type of knowledge absorbed for innovation activities. In particular, we find that the R&D intensity does not significantly influence absorptive capacity for intra‐ and inter‐industry knowledge. Additionally, our results suggest that absorptive capacity is path dependent and firms can influence their ability to exploit external knowledge by encouraging individuals' involvement in a firm's innovation projects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absorptive capacity and the identification of opportunities in new technology-based firms

The purpose of this work is to investigate relationships between knowledge and opportunities in new ventures. More specifically, this work proposes and empirically tests how potential absorptive capacity is related with the identification of opportunities in new technology-based firms (NTBFs). To take into account the unique nature of NTBFs we divide potential absorptive capacity into problem absorptive capacity, i.e. the ability to identify and acquire knowledge of the goals, aspirations and needs of current and potential customers, and solution absorptive capacity, i.e. the ability to identify and acquire external knowledge of solutions to fulfill them. We develop three hypotheses, which predict that both problem absorptive capacity and solution absorptive capacity will be positively related with the identification of opportunities in NTBFs and that they will reinforce each other. The findings support the importance of making a distinction between the two proposed dimensions of potential absorptive capacity and shed light on their effectiveness and interaction for the identification of opportunities.     

企业创新绩效影响因素研究

本文以广东省134家企业截面数据作为样本,选择新产品销售收入比例指标测度企业的创新绩效,实证分析了企业规模、研发强度、吸收能力等指标与创新绩效之间的关系。结果表明,企业规模、研发强度对企业创新绩效呈现显著负向影响。而吸收能力对企业创新绩效存在显著的正向影响。     

Building absorptive capacity to organise inbound open innovation in traditional industries

The discussion on open innovation suggests that the ability to absorb external knowledge has become a major driver for competition. For R&D intensive large firms, the concept of open innovation in relation to absorptive capacity is relatively well understood. Little attention has; however, been paid to how both small firms and firms, which operate in traditional sectors, engage in open innovation activities. The latter two categories of firms often dispose of no, or at most a relatively low level of, absorptive capacity. Open innovation has two faces. In the case of inbound open innovation, companies screen their environment to search for technology and knowledge and do not exclusively rely on in-house R&D. A key pre-condition is that firms dispose of “absorptive capacity” to internalise external knowledge. SMEs and firms in traditional industries might need assistance in building absorptive capacity. This paper focuses on the role of collective research centres in building absorptive capacity at the inter-organisational level. In order to do so, primary data was collected through interviews with CEOs of these technology intermediaries and their member firms and analysed in combination with secondary data. The technology intermediaries discussed are created to help firms to take advantage of technological developments. The paper demonstrates that the openness of the innovation process forces firms lacking absorptive capacity to search for alternative ways to engage in inbound open innovation. The paper highlights the multiple activities of which absorptive capacity in intermediaries is made up; defines the concept of absorptive capacity as a pre-condition to open innovation; and demonstrates how firms lacking absorptive capacity collectively cope with distributed knowledge and innovation.     

供应链中知识集成及其能力模型分析

通过对知识集成内涵的分析,建立了一个知识集成能力模型与物元模型,探讨知识吸收能力与协作能力对供应链中企业知识集成能力的影响,以及知识集成能力与创新绩效的关系.所提出的研究架构以知识管理理论和物元理论为基础,以科技产业及知识密集型的信息服务业的案例作为分析对象,通过分析与结构模式分析来验证研究架构,且利用物元理论构建了供应链中企业创新绩效的评价体系.     

A Capability-Based Framework for Open Innovation: Complementing Absorptive Capacity

We merge research into knowledge management, absorptive capacity, and dynamic capabilities to arrive at an integrative perspective, which considers knowledge exploration, retention, and exploitation inside and outside a firm's boundaries. By complementing the concept of absorptive capacity, we advance towards a capability-based framework for open innovation processes. We identify the following six 'knowledge capacities' as a firm's critical capabilities of managing internal and external knowledge in open innovation processes: inventive, absorptive, transformative, connective, innovative, and desorptive capacity. 'Knowledge management capacity' is a dynamic capability, which reconfigures and realigns the knowledge capacities. It refers to a firm's ability to successfully manage its knowledge base over time. The concept may be regarded as a framework for open innovation, as a complement to absorptive capacity, and as a move towards understanding dynamic capabilities for managing knowledge. On this basis, it contributes to explaining interfirm heterogeneity in knowledge and alliance strategies, organizational boundaries, and innovation performance.     

Putting policy into practice: an exploratory study of SME innovation support in a peripheral UK region

Abstract

Focussing on a regional Government sponsored support programme for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the aim of this paper is to conduct a multi-level exploration of the relationships between policy interpretation and support programme design and the development of innovation capability among participant SMEs within a U.K peripheral region. The Innovplus programme was designed and implemented in Northern Ireland to help nascent high technology companies become more competitive and to contribute to the goals of the Regional Innovation Strategy. A knowledge-based absorptive capacity framework is used as the theoretical lens to explore the relationships between policy interpretation and programme design and the development of innovation capability within participant SMEs. The findings show that the design of the Innovplus programme, while linked to a coherent Regional Innovation Strategy, lacks consistency in relation to the policy and practical interpretation of knowledge and innovation. This inconsistency is reflected in the practical design of the programme, limiting its effectiveness as a result. In terms of the development of innovation capability, it was found that recognition and development of nascent absorptive capacity drivers in potential form was essential before participant SMEs could transition to realised absorptive capacity.