Competition and market power in the European airline industry: 1976–90

In this paper, we study the market power of European airlines in an oligopoly structure with product differentiation for the period 1976–1990 and test the monopoly hypothesis (Captain, 1993). The paper analyzes the level of competition among eight major European airlines and finds little evidence for market power in the industry over that period. One of our main findings is that the high prices in Europe are not entirely due to the bilateral agreements (leading to possible monopoly power), but rather are a result of very high cost structures in the industry. These results are broadly in agreement with those of Roeller and Sickles (1994) which analyzes these issues in the European Industry by estimating a structural, two-stage game. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

数字信息产品的定价机理研究

本文在系统分析数字信息产品的市场结构特点的基础上,分别给出了此种产品在两种垄断性市场结构中不同的定价模型,并分析模型在实际中的应用。     

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF MARKET STRUCTURES

The concept of market structure is at the heart of economic theory. Yet the construct has been largely neglected in marketing. Part of the reason is that it has never been effectively operationalized. In examining the implications of market structure empirical researchers have tended to use single indices for an essentially multidimensional construct. Here we show how markets can be classified objectively using the three key dimensions of structure: market concentration, product differentiation and barriers to entry. The methodology proposed should provide a more reliable base for research into strategic and competitive implications of marketing structure. The purpose of this paper is to develop an operational measure of market structure. The concept of market structure is important both in marketing and economics. Yet empirical work has produced disappointing results.¹Both economists and managers have stressed the need for new definitions and measures if useful generalizations are to be developed and the concept is to provide a valuable basis for government regulation over market competition.     

浅论消费者垄断

在很长时间以来,经济学家忽视了一个与市场结构相关的重要问题,这就是在几乎所有的市场结构理论中,厂商或供给者一直是市场结构不变的主导力量。这种假说在古典经济时代有其理论意义,但是却会令理论经济学对于现实社会的经济情况的解释能力大大缩水。有鉴于此,本文针对与厂商相对立的经济主体对于市场的影响,提出一种全新的市场结构假说,即———消费者垄断。     

浅述我国房地产市场发展的非均衡表现

1998年住房制度改革取消福利分房后,住房的市场化制度得以完善,我国房地产业迅速跃入了商品住宅时代,并在有利的政治、经济环境下得以迅速发展。但我国正处于经济转轨期,且市场本身发展时间较短,市场体系很不健全,配套的法律、制度、机制有待完善,科学规范的宏观调控体系尚未形成,加之房地产产品的不可移动性、产品差异性等市场要素特有属性,房地产市场在供求总量、供求结构、区域化等方面呈现出非均衡发展状态。可以通过探索我国房地产市场的非均衡现象,以求针对房地产市场存在的问题,为宏观调控政策提供一定的依据。     

Nonparametric tests for optimizing behavior in production: Extensions to unobservable factors and superadditive technology

This paper develops two new nonparametric tests for optimizing behavior in production. The first is a test for consistency of observed data with cost minimization from a superadditive technology. Superadditivity of technology plays a key role in the theory of industry structure and natural monopoly. The second is an extension of Varian's profit maximization test. When the data fails Varian's test, one possible explanation is technical/allocative inefficiency. However, another possibility is the presence of unobservable, untradeable, and varying endowments of some factor of production. This paper develops a test that allows for such an ordinally measurable factor and notes its correspondence to the Afriat Theorem for utility maximization in demand analysis.The refereeing process of this paper was handled through R. Banker.     

我国银行业的市场结构分析及改革对策

经过二十多年的改革,我国银行业市场结构有了很大变化。运用市场份额、市场集中度、进入、退出壁垒和产品差异化等指标,分析了我国银行业的市场结构,得出我国银行业有寡头垄断特征,并呈现出向垄断竞争市场结构过渡的趋势。在分析我国银行业市场绩效低下原因的基础上,初步提出了银行业优化市场结构,提高竞争力的对策。     

Better Late than Early: Vertical Differentiation in the Adoption of a New Technology

After the initial breakthrough in the research phase of R&D, a new product undergoes a process of change, improvement, and adaptation to market conditions. We model the strategic behavior of firms in this development phase. We emphasize that a key dimension to this competition is the innovation that leads to product differentiation and quality improvement. In a duopoly model with a single adoption choice, we derive endogenously the level and diversity of product innovations. We demonstrate the existence of equilibria in which one firm enters early with a low-quality product while the other continues to develop the technology and eventually markets a high-quality good. In such an equilibrium, no monopoly rent is dissipated and the later innovator makes more profits. Incumbent firms may well be the early innovators, contrary to the predictions of the "incumbency inertia" hypothesis.     

东莞市物流业的市场结构分析

以2006～2009年东莞市物流企业营业额为基础,通过行业集中度和赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数对物流业市场集中度进行测度,并分析了物流市场的进入壁垒和产品差异程度。研究结果表明,目前东莞市物流业市场属于低度集中、高度分散的原子型(竞争型)市场结构;从动态看,东莞市的市场结构已完成从低寡占型向竞争型结构转变。最后,对改进现有市场结构,提高市场绩效提出了相应的对策建议。     

论我国建筑业市场结构

建筑业在现阶段我国经济和社会发展中发挥着重要作用.而不同的市场结构决定着不同的市场绩效,分析和了解我国建筑业市场结构具有重要的现实意义.本文主要从市场集中度、产品差别化以及进入和退出壁垒等几个方面对中国建筑业市场结构进行了实证考察,最后得出中国建筑业属于过度竞争行业的结论.     

网络效应与自然垄断产业的分拆：以电信业为例

针对我国自然垄断产业的分拆改革有两种相反观点,这些观点大多是从自然垄断产业的规模经济性、范围经济性及成本次可加性等特征来展开论述的。文章试图从自然垄断产业的网络效应出发,认为对待这些自然垄断产业的分拆改革应慎行。改革的关键在于引入替代品竞争和企业改制。     

我国手机制造行业市场结构分析

2003年,我国国产品牌手机的国内市场占有率达到54.7%,但其利润却与日俱减。本文用SCP 的理论分析了手机行业的市场结构,即手机行业的市场集中度、产品差别化程度和进入壁垒,从产业组织学的角度阐述了手机行业绩效不尽如人意的原因。     

REGULATION BY DUOPOLY

This paper analyzes, within the framework of the new regulatory economics that emphasizes asymmetries of information, the optimal structure of an industry. The duplication of fixed costs incurred in a duopoly structure may be socially justified in a static model by three effects: the sampling effect, the yardstick competition effect, and the increasing marginal cost effect.
We show that in general, asymmetric information favors duopoly when the market structure is decided before firms discovers their cost characteristics (a common situation in dual sourcing for procurement), and favors monopoly when the market structure is decided after firms discover their cost characteristics (the case of split-award auctions).     

Director co-option and future market share growth

This paper examines the effect of director co-option on product market outcomes. We find that future market share growth declines as executives co-opt more of the board. Co-opted directors also inhibit the product market benefits from cash reserves. These findings hold in a variety of robustness tests, sustaining the view that director co-option reduces product market performance. Our results further show that co-option leads to lower market share gains among firms whose industry rivals intensely change products and have higher borrowing capacity. Compared to their competitors, firms with more co-opted directors also allocate less internal resources to potential product differentiation strategies, but award executives more cash-based pay. Overall, our findings support the agency theory supposition that firms with co-opted boards lose market share ex-post.     

中国分行业资本存量估算：1990~2014年

通过借鉴中国资本存量已有研究文献的成果,以细分行业差别化的折旧率估算为基础,通过分析投资结构和折旧率的关系,估算出第二、第三产业和总量的时变折旧率,系统地估算出1990~2014年总量、三次产业和细分行业的资本存量。估算结果及分析表明:由于投资结构的变化,总量、第三产业折旧率呈下降趋势,第二产业折旧率呈先上升再下降趋势;目前在我国,“过度投资”和“投资不足”并存,且“过度投资”的是资本效率比较低的行业,“投资不足”的是资本效率比较高的行业。解决“投资不足”问题的关键是打破行业垄断,尤其是行政垄断,引入市场竞争机制。     

公用事业产品定价的市场机制与政府规制

城市公用事业是典型的垄断性产业,通过城市公用事业地域与网络垄断性、外部性、公益与营利双重性分析,论证了政府价格规制之必要。其次分析了以新古典经济学和凯恩斯经济学作为逻辑理论基础的西方国家城市公用事业价格规制,及其逐步形成的公共利益理论、俘获理论、寻租理论以及放松规制乃至取消规制的演化过程。最后深入剖析我国城市公用事业存在的规制单一、价格倒逼、补偿缺位,监管虚设等问题,继而提出了强化市场定价、设计经济杠杆、完善社会监督、加强政府监管、构建价格体系等政策建议,以期实现政府规制与市场化融合,提升规制的公平、公正与效能。     

New product introduction under demand uncertainty in competitive industries

A game-theoretic model is employed to examine the conditions under which firms in a duopoly, faced with a new product introduction opportunity of uncertain profitability (because of uncertainty in demand), choose to enter the market immediately or, alternatively, decide to wait, thereby avoiding the risk of failure. The implications for a firm's strategic behavior are contrasted with situations in which the competitor is believed to be (1) passive, implying that the firm expects to enjoy indefinite monopoly status if it introduces the new product, and (2) committed to a waiting strategy, implying monopoly status for a limited time period, if the new product is successful.     

Productivity, returns to scale and product differentiation in the retail trade industry: an empirical analysis using Japanese firm-level data

This paper examines productivity and returns to scale under the assumption of monopolistic competition using Japanese firm-level data. Although differentiating products (services) is considered important in firms?? strategies and productivity growth, it has not been sufficiently investigated in previous studies. In this paper, we study this issue in two retail trade industries, department stores and supermarkets, applying the model of Melitz (2000). Our results indicate that the standard production function is not relevant to estimate productivity in imperfectly competitive markets. It also suggests that the market structure should be carefully considered in productivity analysis. In addition, product differentiation has a positive effect on firms?? revenue for the supermarkets. Furthermore, the retail trade industries possibly follow increasing returns to scale. Thus, policy measures that promote economies of scale and product differentiation should contribute to further growth in these industries. In addition, the results indicate that the regulatory reform of the retail trade industry in 2000 increased the gap between winners and losers in terms of productivity.     

What Drives Green Product Development and How do Different Antecedents Affect Market Performance? A Survey of Italian Companies with Eco‐Labels

Green products can play a key role in the achievement of sustainable development goals. Through a survey of 188 Italian companies with eco‐labeled green products, this study aims at understanding the relative importance of several motivations to develop green products, the influence of different motivations and firm characteristics on green product features (radicalness and differentiation), and which factors affect market performance of green products. This study reports a ranking of 49 motivations, highlighting that the most relevant are related to the prospect of market benefits. Results also show that product radicalness and differentiation have partially different antecedents in terms of motivations, while being a family firm positively influences only product differentiation. With regards to factors affecting market performance of green products, prospect of market benefits, availability of new technologies, firm foreign ownership, product radicalness and differentiation show a positive influence, while firm age displays a negative effect.     

基于SCP范式的中国烟草产业发展实证分析

中国烟草收入一直是财政收入的重要组成部分,对拉动国民经济的发展有着重要的作用。近些年中国烟草企业不断进行并购重组特别是中国在加入WTO以后,烟草行业所面临的市场竞争更加激烈。本文应用产业组织理论的SCP范式对中国的烟草行业进行了分析,分别就烟草行业的市场结构、市场行为以及市场绩效进行了分析和探讨。