二元劳工市场、解雇保护与劳动合同法

本文基于中国二元劳工市场,构建理论模型分析<劳动合同法>的影响,整合学界、业界和社会公众对<劳动合同法>加强解雇保护的不同意见.研究表明,相对于<劳动法>,<劳动合同法>通过加强解雇保护,能提高知识型员工的努力程度,增加知识型员工和企业的收益;但却会降低体力型员工的努力程度,减少劳动密集型企业的收益.虽然<劳动合同法>能提高在职体力型员工的收益,但却由于企业主缩减体力岗位,使得更多体力提供者丧失就业机会.简而言之,对于高端劳工市场,<劳动合同法>是促进三赢的;而对于低端劳工市场,则可能导致三输.     

Employee Attitudes,Earnings and Fixed-Term Contracts: International Evidence

We explore the relationship between employee attitudes, earnings and fixed-term contracts using data from the British Social Attitudes Survey and International Social Survey Programme. We find that workers employed under such contracts receive significantly lower earnings than their permanent contract counterparts, even after controlling for a plethora of personal and job characteristics. This may be indicative of wage discrimination against fixed-term contract employees. Our results also allude to possible asymmetries in the role of education across this two-tier system, with educational attainment playing a more prominent signaling role in the case of ‘permanent’ contract employees. We also find significant evidence of attitudinal effects, with workers employed on permanent contracts more likely to be both satisfied and secure with their job, but also more likely to find work stressful and exhausting and, perhaps as a consequence, to engage in absence. JEL no. J24, J31, J33     

中国城镇劳动力市场中劳动参与弹性研究

本文应用微观经济计量方法研究了中国城镇劳动力市场中女性和男性的劳动参与弹性,结果表明:女性劳动供给工资弹性明显大于男性劳动供给工资弹性;随着家庭平均收入水平的提高,个体劳动参与的工资弹性和收入弹性均逐渐减小.因此,设计并实施积极的劳动力市场政策能够有效地促进低收入群体的劳动参与,有助于城镇贫困的削减和收入差距的缩小.     

Labor Market Integration and Its Effect on Child Labor

This note demonstrates that when developing countries remove barriers to migration and integrate their labor markets, children may be driven out of schools and into informal or paid employment in the comparatively rich countries. In industrialized countries, the same mechanism might drive families into social security or government-subsidized jobs.     

两类外来人口的劳动合同签订与社会保险获得差异

近期的城市外来人口社会保障缺失研究把持有非本地城市户口的外来市民纳入观察对象,城乡分割因素的解释范围缩小到外来市民与外来农民工这两类外来人口参与社会保险差异上来。为在这一方向上深化研究,本文首先考察城市劳动制度转型过程,揭示农民工的劳动合同制度缺位问题;在此基础上分析户籍身份、劳动合同订立与社会保险获取之间的关系,提出研究假设;选取抽样调查数据,做相应的实证分析;最后形成结论并提出政策启示。     

Incentive Contracts,Market Risk,and Cost of Capital

Should incentive contracts expose the agent to market‐wide shocks? Counterintuitively, I show that market risk cannot be filtered out from the compensation and managed independently by the agent. Under plausible risk preferences, the principal should offer a contract in which performance pay increases following a favorable market shock. In the aggregate, however, the effect of market risk on individual contracts diversifies away and the agency problem does not directly affect the cost of capital. The analysis suggests caution in interpreting changes in cost of capital in terms of the stewardship role of accounting information.     

个性特征、劳动契约与员工劳动关系满意度--基于广州市花都区部分员工的问卷调查分析

基于广州市花都区部分企业员工的调查数据,通过探索性因子分析及验证性因子分析发现,员工劳动关系满意度由工资福利、工作特性与氛围和社会环境与服务三个维度构成。签订短期劳动契约的员工对工资福利的满意度最高,签订中长期劳动契约的员工对工作特性与氛围、社会环境与服务的满意度最高。年龄越大,其劳动关系满意度越高;劳动者工作转换次数与其劳动关系满意度呈负相关。由此,应该积极推进劳动契约全覆盖并鼓励企业与员工签订中长期劳动契约;严格工资管理,维护职工权益;强化职业认同,减少员工工作转换频率。     

Local Labor Market Condition and Influenza Vaccination

Influenza vaccination is a cost-effective preventive service, but its utilization rate is below the recommended level. Many studies have explored possible predictors and causes for low vaccination rates. Despite a large volume of studies in this area, there is limited research on how local economic conditions can affect individual influenza vaccination. This study explores this topic by merging the 2008–2012 individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) with the Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), and the Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). Using county-level unemployment rates as a measurement of local economic conditions, we used multivariate probit models to examine its relationship with individual flu vaccination while controlling for individual socioeconomic and demographic factors and contextual characteristics. We found that county-level unemployment rates were significantly and negatively associated with individual influenza vaccination, especially for people who were employed or living in metropolitan counties. Our results support public health interventions to improve flu vaccination during economic recessions.     

中国劳动力市场:绩效及其挑战

在过去 2 0年中 ,伴随着城镇私营部门重要地位的不断彰显与国有企业规模的缩减 ,中国已经形成了一个市场化程度日渐提高的劳动力市场。尽管改革进程亦行亦渐 ,在农村和国有企业中依旧存在着大量的剩余劳动力。在未来的几年当中 ,中国劳动力市场所面对的首要挑战就是如何在应对入世冲击的同时 ,将剩余劳动力转移到有质量的岗位中去。据本文估计 ,如果中国的GDP年均增长率保持在 7%的水平而就业弹性为 0 .5 ,则接下来的 3至 4年内 ,城镇失业率将翻一番 ,达到 10 %左右。当然 ,强劲的经济增长有助于缓解这一压力。尤其值得重视的是 ,私营部门和近年来提供了众多就业岗位的劳动力密集型服务业的蓬勃发展极大促进了就业。因此 ,政府的政策实施重点应当包括鼓励私营部门发展、打破阻碍劳动力流动的壁垒、提升劳动者技能、改进职业介绍服务以及加强社会安全网等方面。     

我国制度变迁中的劳动力市场分析

尽管我国的就业体制已经基本由过去的计划配置转向市场经济的市场配置,然而,传统经济体制下制度的路径依赖效应仍然对劳动力市场的一体化进程产生阻碍,极大地制约着我国劳动力资源比较优势的发挥,影响资源配置效率.     

基于文凭的劳动力市场分割和高学历失业

本文假设最终品具有Leontif生产函数,需要高端和低端两种中间品。任何劳动者生产低端中间品的效率都是相同的,而高能力者生产高端中间品的效率更高。能力越高者,其文凭获取成本越低,因而是否获得文凭具有信号传递功能。进一步假设劳动力市场是基于文凭分割的,即无文凭者从事低端中间品生产,有文凭者可在从事高端和低端中间品生产之间进行选择,并能享受额外的福利租金。分析表明,如果文凭获取难度太大,经济体将会出现文凭持有者相对不足的结构性失业;反之,如果高校大幅扩招(文凭获取难度下降)而与文凭关联的福利租金却又很大时,经济体将会出现文凭持有者相对过剩的结构性失业,即造成近年来引人注目的高学历失业现象。     

换工作对收入水平和收入增长的影响

本文利用中国社会科学院2002年的CHIPS数据,分析了换工作对于劳动者收入水平和收入增长的影响。本文通过控制初始的收入水平来解决异质性的影响。结果表明,对于初始收入水平较低的样本,换工作对其收入有正的影响,而对于初始收入较高的样本,换工作则有负的影响。如果直接考察换工作对于收入增长的影响,给定初始收入和其他特征,换工作对于收入增长的平均影响是正的。不仅如此,换工作对于低收入者的收入增长有较大的正的影响。     

土地市场的二元结构与政府职能转变

当前找国土地市场存在二元结构,土地市场比较混乱,影响了市场配置土地要素功能的发挥 要坚持在市 场经济条件下转变政府职能,建立透明、公开的土地市场,促进土地市场的健康发展     

迁移、失业与城市劳动力市场分割--为什么农村迁移者的失业率很低?

利用第五次人口普查资料 ,本文比较了城市劳动力市场上本地劳动力和外来劳动力的失业率差异。这种差异可以归因于城乡劳动力的流动性、供给特征 ,以及市场分割等因素。农村劳动力在非国有部门就业具有一定的竞争优势 ,但他们的低工资水平在一定程度上是与低劳动权益保障联系在一起的。     

中国的劳动力市场态势及促进就业的政策研究

中国城镇每年需要为多少人解决就业?这是一个一直都有争议的问题.本文提供了一种估算方法并给出了估算结果.分析表明,2007年城镇需要解决就业的人教为2100-2600万人.在未来的数年时间里,中国的劳动力供给增长将趋于减缓,每年新增劳动力趋于下降,因此就业压力也将趋于缓和.劳动力需求的快速增长促成了当前劳动力市场基本态势的变化.大学生就业难与民工荒并存表明中国当前的就业问题主要还是结构性的.中小企业的稳步成长是未来中国就业增长的强劲动力.     

Childhood Bullying and Labor Market Outcomes in The United States

This paper contributes to a nascent economic literature on bullying. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, I explored the relationship between childhood bullying and later earnings. Since males and females are usually subject to different kinds of bullying and coping strategies vary with age, I distinguished between pre-teen and teenage bullying by gender. After delineating the pathways by which being bullied could potentially lead to lower earnings, the analysis first considered the probability of being bullied either as a teenager or before the age of 12. Next, after a simple ordinary least squares analysis of a human capital earnings function, a detailed propensity score analysis with multiple matching schemes was undertaken separately for males and females, further subdivided by when bullying had occurred. Results indicated males bullied as teenagers had earnings 23% lower than their non-bullied counterparts. Females did not suffer this penalty, nor did children who were bullied only below the age of 12. However, being bullied in childhood increased significantly the probability of being bullied later. In terms of human capital formation and possible impact on later productivity, teen bullying may be affecting men the most. Current findings may also be useful in encouraging a targeted focus on those who may be in greater danger of being bullied. Children who have changed schools several times, males with a learning disability, or a vision, speech or hearing problem, and females with some kind of deformity would be targeted significantly more.     

新疆城乡劳动力流转市场培育障碍与对策

促进农村劳动力向非农领域转移,关键是建立和优化劳动力流转的市场平台。要使劳动力与就业岗位的匹配得以比较顺利的进行,就必须坚持公平、公正原则,制定城乡统一的劳动、就业制度。     

城乡劳动力市场分割与人民币实际汇率

本文建立一个简单的均衡模型,证明城乡劳动力市场分割造成的要素价格扭曲会最终反映至汇率市场,导致实际汇率偏低,偏低的程度取决于劳动力市场的分割程度。本文还利用2000-2008年的跨国经验数据检验二者之间的关系,发现城乡劳动力市场分割与实际汇率偏低存在着显著的统计关系,验证了本文的结论。本文研究表明,人民币实际汇率的形成过程中,国内要素市场的有效性起着至关重要的作用。建立健全的汇率形成机制,需要以理顺国内要素市场价格为依托。     

内部劳动力市场、就业惯性与农业贡献弱化——对“民工荒”的一个解释

文章从劳动力市场要素变化和劳动者就业惯性着手,建立了一个新的分析视角,分析了“民工荒”产生的原因,提出了解决策略。文章通过数据分析得出如下结论：我国东部地区“民工荒”产生的原因,一是中部地区的重新崛起使中部农村剩余劳动力就地跨行业转移,从而减少就业惯性阻力;二是内部劳动力市场的变化加强了就业惯性力量。     

Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions: An Empirical Analysis

The development of the unemployment rate differs substantially between OECD countries. In this paper we investigate to what extent these differences are related to labor market institutions. In our analysis we use data of eighteen OECD countries over the period 1960–1994 and show that the way in which institutions interact is important. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 2001, 15(4), pp. 403–418. Department of Economics, CentER, Tilburg University and Institute for Labour Studies (OSA), The Netherlands. © 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E24, J68.