Measuring the Economic Effects of Competition Law Enforcement

Summary  Together with a move from a rules-based legal approach to a more economic approach in competition cases, the economic effects of competition law enforcement have received increasing attention. Measuring these effects is important for external accountability of the Competition Authority, for quality control of its decisions and for evaluating the effectiveness of the competition law. This raises many issues in measurement, including the choice of counterfactual, the choice of effects to be measured, and the proper use of available data. The papers in this Special Issue of De Economist discuss these and related issues, based on a broad range of experience in competition law enforcement.      

论执法人员在执法活动中的失误及其补救

执法人员在执法过程中造成的失误 ,给公民、法人和社会组织的合法权益造成了损失。究其原因是多方面的 ,既有主观的 ,也有客观的。主观方面表现为执法人员素质低下 ,对法律、法规的理解不透 ;客观方面表现在法律不健全及各方面的干扰 ,造成了执法方面的失误。因此 ,就要求我们对执法人员造成的失误要及时补救 ,这样做才能体现社会主义法制的优越性 ,树立执法机关的形象 ,维护公民、法人和社会组织的合法权不受侵害     

Financial Market Competition: The Effects of Transparency

European and US financial markets are faced with increased competition for order flow. Fundamental in the competition process is the organization of the trading process, since this directly influences the performance and trading costs of those markets. In this paper we examine the effects of public quote disclosure and the disclosure of transaction information on market liquidity and price efficiency. Our results indicate a clear trade-off between efficiency and liquidity. These findings could explain why a variety of co-existing trading structures can be optimal among competitive financial markets.     

Competition in the Pay-TV Market

This paper discusses competition in the emerging pay-TV market. Economic features of the industry are described, and the current state of the market in the UK is summarized. Two simple formal models of the industry are analyzed: First the danger of two vertically integrated pay-TV networks entering into collusive agreements to exchange programming with each other is discussed; second, the private and social incentives for signing exclusive contracts for premium programming are analyzed. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1999, 13(4), pp. 257–280. Nuffield College, Oxford OX1 1NF, United Kingdom. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D43, L13, L41, L82.     

Competition Policy in Indonesia and the New Anti-Monopoly and Fair Competition Law

This paper explores the role of competition policy in shaping a business environment that will encourage firms to improve their efficiency and competitiveness. After discussing the scope and objectives of competition policy, and whether a liberal trade and investment regime can substitute for, or should complement, a competition law, the paper offers an assessment of Indonesia's new competition law. Its shortcomings include a serious lack of clarity about objectives and a confusion between objectives and the means to achieve them; a failure to distinguish between various kinds of monopoly; a tendency to prohibit certain activities and agreements between firms without a clear analysis of the underlying economics involved; unnecessary and counterproductive exemptions from the provisions of the law; and failure to confront the reality that the principal obstacle to competition in the past has been unwarranted government intervention in markets.     

刍议节能执法的机制创新

节能执法机制应不断作出创新：宏观上,利用市场和行政两种调节手段形成宏观上的＂推拉双动力＂节能机制;微观上,交错运用＂科技节能＂和＂管理节能＂形成微观上的节能＂双动力节能机制＂;执法体制上,形成多部门相配合的＂节能执法联动机制＂;激励机制上,形成对政府、企业到个人的环环相扣的＂节能倒逼机制＂。     

当前价格执法存在的问题及对策

价格执法是当前市场经济条件下的一个重要课题，本文探讨了当前价格执法存在的主要问题，原因和问题解决的对策。     

德国二板市场:法兰克福新市场

一、富有活力的德国"新市场" 1997年3月10日,德国交易所股份公司设立的证券主板市场之外的二板市场--"新市场"正式启动."新市场"启动后,显示出了强大的生命力,并日益成为德国证券业的支柱之一.金融分析家认为,由于越来越多的新经济类企业在此挂牌上市,使新市场不断膨胀.虽然人们目前还不能确定它未来的地位是否替代主板市场--由30个德国最大企业组成的德国达克斯市场,但它与达克斯并驾齐驱已日趋明显,而达克斯也在不断地吸收新市场上成长最快的企业.     

Assessing the Effects of Antitrust Enforcement in the United States

Summary  This article reviews empirical evidence informing an assessment of cartel and merger antitrust enforcement in the United States and makes some reasonable inferences from it. It also explains why an objective assessment based on hard evidence is not possible for the critical deterrence effects of enforcement, or for any of the effects of enforcement against single-competitor exclusionary conduct. Finally, this article describes the reporting by the U.S. Department of Justice of consumer savings from its antitrust enforcement actions, and details the construction of the savings estimates from cartel and horizontal merger enforcement. The views expressed herein are not purported to represent those of the U.S. Department of Justice.     

Alchian and Allen Revisited: Law Enforcement and the Price of Weed

Alchian and Allen (1964) theorized that the imposition of a fixed fee or a unit cost in a market with multiple quality grades of the good would encourage consumption of the higher quality grades. Using newly available data on marijuana prices by state, we empirically test the hypothesis that the price of higher quality marijuana will be higher in states with more strict enforcement of marijuana possession laws. Consistent with the Alchian-Allen theorem, the relative price of both medium- and high-quality marijuana are found to be greater in states with stricter law enforcement, suggesting an increase in demand for such varieties.     

Deviations from the Mandatory Adoption of IFRS in the European Union: Implementation,Enforcement, Incentives,and Compliance

In this paper, we evaluate the common assumption that European Union (EU) firms began using international financial reporting standards (IFRS) in 2005 when the EU formally adopted IFRS. Although the incidence of firms using local (or some other) GAAP declined between 2005 and 2012, it is still non‐trivial. By 2012 the incidence of non‐IFRS financial statements was still in excess of 17 percent (87 percent of which were fully consolidated). We estimate a model of the non‐adoption of IFRS as a function of implementation features of the IFRS regulation, country‐specific enforcement, and firm‐specific reporting incentives. As expected, being specifically required by EU‐wide and country‐specific rules to adopt IFRS is positively associated with IFRS adoption but does not constitute a complete explanation. Proxies for enforcement are significantly associated with non‐adoption, but the marginal effects of the enforcement variables are weak. We find that larger firms, firms with foreign operations and more analyst following, and firms that issue new debt and equity were more likely to adopt IFRS, both when the regulation was initially imposed and in subsequent years. We conclude that many EU firms do not use IFRS; that some firms exploited definitions, exemptions, and deferrals to avoid adopting IFRS while some firms simply failed to comply with the regulation; and that firms responded to their incentives in deciding whether to adopt IFRS.     

市场过程理论的过程竞争:与新古典经济学完全竞争的对比

新古典经济学视野内的完全竞争,由于排斥了时间、知识和人类行动因素,成为缺乏争胜竞争活动的抽象概念和理想状态。市场过程理论则将竞争理解为一个争胜动态过程,特别关注过程竞争发现知识的功能,强调过程竞争内生各种竞争活动的动态效率特征。在过程竞争看来,包括广告、产品差异、市场势力等被新古典经济学贴上不完全竞争或垄断标签的活动,实际上都是有效率的争胜竞争形式。市场过程内生的垄断具有效率特征,不应该成为反垄断的对象。     

全球航天产业的市场竞争格局分析

航天产业是当今世界最具挑战性和广泛带动性的高科技领域之一,发展航天产业是增强经济实力、科技实力、国防实力和民族凝聚力的重要举措,并催生了"航天经济"时代的来临。本文研究了全球航天产业的市场规模和收入结构,分析了主要国家航天产业国际竞争力和整体竞争格局,并探讨了航天产业竞争的未来趋势。通过本文的研究,不仅使我们能够清晰地看到全球航天产业的发展趋势,而且能够为我国航天产业的发展提供积极的借鉴意义。     

民族性设计在国际市场品牌竞争中的作用

技术专利权中的产品外观设计对消费者的影响越来越大,在传统产业升级转型中具有独特作用。文章通过对日本的产品民族化设计进行深入剖析,探讨民族本土文化应用于现代设计的迫切性和可行性,提出在我国产业升级和国际品牌形象塑造中,设计应着重对本民族文化审美进行发掘、应用,通过对中华文化独有的美学价值、传统文化精神和当代社会进行准确的接轨,以市场为准则进行筛选和发展,借助民族独有的美学魅力转换成市场的消费环节,是现在的中国设计和产业界最重要的课题。     

论我国反不正当竞争法对商业贿赂的规制

我国反不正当竞争法是规范市场竞争秩序的重要法律,也是核心法律。但对于严重扰乱市场竞争秩序的商业贿赂行为的规范仅有三条,且比较笼统,司法实践中难以操作。应该在反不正当竞争法中增加对商业贿赂的相关规定,并对原有的条款进行细化。     

论国土资源执法监察效能建设

基于国土执法形势更加严峻的现状,分析其原因,倡议从政府体制、法律机制和土地执法内部体系等方面进行改革建设,增强土地执法监察效能,以保护国土资源,减少滥用耕地,促进并稳定房地产市场。