最优货币区理论研究进展

最优货币区(optimal currency area)理论是对货币一体化认识过程及实践发展进程的反映与总结。在区域经济联系加强初见端倪时,人们开始讨论满足什么样条件的地理空间可以组建最优货币区。理论基础最早可以追溯到20世纪60年代芒德尔基于固定汇率和浮动汇率之争提出的“最优货币区理论”,该理论研究了一组国家在具备一定条件的基础上可以组成最优货币区,在经济趋同的基础上实行单一货币。虽然芒德尔所指的最优货币区是指已经实现了货币一体化并采用单一货币的区域,但是最优货币区理论却可作为分析区域货币一体化问题以及其他货币合作问题的理论基础和分析框架。20世纪90年代以来,随着欧洲货币一体化实践的发展,北美自由贸易区经济一体化进程的加速,以及东亚货币合作及货币一体化问题日益在理论和实践中进入议事日程,人们逐渐认识到货币一体化已是世界区域经济发展的潮流。研究视野不再停留在是否组建货币区,而是讨论加入货币区的国别判断标准(即单个国家如何判断是否加入货币区,以及何时加入货币区)。由此,最优货币区理论在20世纪90年代以来得到了新的发展。     

东亚单一货币可行性分析

结合“最优货币区”理论对东亚单一货币的形成条件以及加入货币区的成本与收益进行了分析。虽然目前东亚尚不具备组建单一货币区的条件,但从合作博弈的俱乐部理论来看,在可预见的未来,东亚建立单一货币区是有可能的。     

区域经济一体化的最优货币区理论分析

欧盟是迄今为止运行最为成功的区域经济一体化组织,欧元的出现以及成功运行标志着区域经济一体化进入货币一体化的更高层次。作者首先阐述了区域经济一体化理论的产生与发展以及蒙代尔教授提出的最优货币区理论,并提出了从最优货币区理论的角度来分析区域经济一体化理论的观点,然后探讨了在一个经济区域内建立最优货币区的标准的问题,最后用 GG-LL模型分析了区域内各经济体与最优货币区的关系,从而最终建立了分析区域经济一体化本质的新视野。     

对东亚建立最优货币区的探讨

随着区域经济一体化的发展,越来越多的学者开始关注东亚的区域经济合作,试图将欧元区的成功经验用于东亚地区,建立东亚的最优货币区.本文通过对最优货币区的简单介绍以及对最优货币区评判标准的分析与研究,得出结论,认为东亚并不具备建立最优货币区的可行性.     

从OCA理论看东亚地区货币金融合作的前景

在经济全球化和金融自由化的背景下,国家之间的货币政策协调越来越显得重要,最优货币区理论就是在这一背景下提出的.对东亚地区而言,在东南亚金融危机爆发以后,加强国家之间的货币金融合作的呼声越来越高,并且东亚地区许多方面已经满足了最优货币区的标准.但由于政治上的原因,在东亚地区建立统一货币区的时机还不成熟,因此,东亚地区货币区的建立应该在最优货币区理论的指导下循序渐进地进行.     

基于理论和实际依据的东亚货币合作设想——东亚货币合作之路和东亚元

根据最优货币区、货币危机和货币竞争等理论和东亚经济以及世界经济的发展情况,东亚货币合作的必要性是显而易见的。针对东亚货币合作的需要,结合货币合作理论和现实依据,东亚货币合作进程大致可分为三个阶段,第一建立东亚货币基金,第二建立完善的东亚汇率制度,第三建立单一货币区,启动东亚元。最后论述东亚货币合作存在的问题,并提出笔者的隐忧。     

亚洲区域货币合作的未来前景

区域性货币组织的出现是国际货币制度历史发展的必然选择。本根据是最优货币区理论对亚洲区现状进行了分析，认为亚洲地区货币合作虽然存在充分的可行性，但无论从经济或是政治角度来说，目前仍不具备组成货币区的条件，亚洲货币合作只能在较浅的层次上进行，要达到货币一体化，组成最优货币区还任重道远。     

最优货币区理论对我国货币政策的适应性分析

从最优货币区的几个标准入手，针对最优货币区理论对我国目前统一货币政策的适应性作出分析，提出我国施行统一货币政策的积极意义。     

东亚货币合作的可行性分析

从20世纪60年代至今,许多经济学家提出的货币一体化观点和标准使得最优货币区理论不断得到完善和发展。我们以欧元区理论与实践研究为范本,选取适合建立亚洲统一货币体系的几个最为重要的指标,结合东亚主要经济体的经济结构和政策目标,探索东亚地区货币合作的可能性。然后以人民币国际化进程为核心,讨论东亚货币合作的可能途径,从而达到亚洲地区经济稳定发展和金融一体化的目标     

东亚货币合作可行性的经济数据检验——基于OCA理论的分析

在最优货币区理论构筑的分析框架下,东亚区域在经济开放度、出口产品结构相似性、经济冲击对称性方面达到了OCA理论的标准,而在生产要素的流动性、金融市场一体化等方面距离最优货币区的标准尚有差距,但是这种差距正在缩小。通货膨胀相似性方面东亚整体虽未满足OCA标准的要求,但是有次区域已经符合这一标准。考虑到最优货币区标准的内生性,而且大量文献通过对东亚地区进行分组并采用不同的研究方法,证明东亚地区存在形成最优货币区的潜力,因而对次区域的货币合作可行性分析依然乐观。     

The Optimum Currency Area Puzzle

The theory of optimum currency areas, suggesting the redrawing of currency areas across countries or splitting of national money into several currencies, is at odds with the one-money-one-country pattern that has dominated monetary history for 26 centuries. This paper puts forward an equilibrium approach which, by stressing the influence of the border effect on intranational adjustment, solves the puzzle and analyzes the closely related issue of the viability of monetary unions and regional specialization.     

论"中元"共同货币区的构想与实现路径

根据“一个市场、一种货币”的理论范式，结合入世后中国港澳台与大陆日益融为一个共同大市场的客观现实，我们认为，建立一国两制下“中元”共同货币区应成为中国货币制度的未来选择，并就如何推进“中元”共同货币区尽早由可能变为现实提出了可行的实现路径。     

The Endogenity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria

A country' suitability for entry into a currency union depends on a number of economic conditions. These include, inter alia , the intensity of trade with other potential members of the currency union, and the extent to which domestic business cycles are correlated with those of the other countries. But international trade patterns and international business cycle correlations are endogenous. This paper develops and investigates the relationship between the two phenomena. Using thirty years of data for twenty industrialised countries, we uncover a strong and striking empirical finding: countries with closer trade links tend to have more tightly correlated business cycles.     

Narratives of Optimum Currency Area Theory and Eurozone Governance

Optimum Currency Area theory (OCA) is a body of research that has, since its inception in 1961, been highly influential for the discourse and design of Economic and Monetary Union, exercising a significant hermeneutical force. Nonetheless, there has been little acknowledgement that OCA is the subject of very significant internal disagreement, to the extent that economists writing within the field do not commonly agree upon the ontological foundations of the theory. This entails that the translation of the theory into political reality has been characterised by a series of often mutually contradictory narratives, which build upon schisms in the academic corpus. The political realisation of this can be seen during the negotiations over the 1992 process, where certain aspects of the theory concerning governance (of fiscal policy and preferences for conflict adjudication) have been notably suppressed, capitalising upon the fundamental uncertainty in the theory itself. The final part of the paper goes on to consider the financial crisis, and how OCA theory might aid policy-makers' attempts to induce ex-post convergence, demonstrating the continued relevance of the theory.     

中国是否为最适货币区的实证分析

本文运用罗伯特·蒙代尔(Robert Mundell)的最适货币区的理论对中国的实际情况进行了实证分析,得出了中国目前不具备最适货币区条件的基本结论.因此,中国目前也不宜采用人民币对外浮动汇率制度.     

Multiple Wage Bargaining Systems in the Single European Currency Area

Little attention in the EMU literature has been paid to the interaction between centralbank monetary rules and systems of collective wage bargaining. Analytically andempirically, coordinated wage bargaining systems respond with real wage restraintto non-accommodating monetary policy. Since wage determination is dominated bycollective bargaining in all the EMU member states and wage coordination within themember states has grown since 1980, this is a topic of potential importance. In particular, the replacement of the Bundesbank, directly targeting German inflation, by an ECB targeting European inflation has removed a major institutional support of wage restraint in Germany. The consequences of this for EMU are worked out under two scenarios, that inflation expectations will be generated by ECB monetary policy and that they will reflect German inflation outcomes. Possible institutional developments are discussed including government-union bargains. The Bundesbank has also played a major role in maintaining fiscal rectitude by targeting excess fiscal deficits in Germany: again its replacement by the ECB – targeting (if at all) European rather than German fiscal policy – loosens fiscal constraints. For underlying structural reasons therefore, it is possible that Germany and other EMU countries will move to a period of fiscal activism with wage restraint and low inflation purchased through social contract negotiations.     

The endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area criteria in East Asia

The Asian financial crisis in mid-1997 has increased interest in policies to achieve greater regional exchange rate stability in East Asia. It has renewed calls for greater monetary and exchange rate cooperation. A country's suitability to join a monetary union depends, inter alia, on the trade intensity and the business cycle synchronization with other potential members of the monetary union. However, these two Optimum Currency Area criteria are endogenous. Theoretically, the effect of increased trade integration (after the elimination of exchange fluctuations among the countries in the region) on the business cycle synchronization is ambiguous. Reduction in trade barriers can potentially increase industrial specialization by country and therefore resulting in more asymmetry business cycles from industry-specific shocks. On the other hand, increased trade integration may result in more highly correlated business cycles due to common demand shocks or intra-industry trade. If the second hypothesis is empirically verified, policy makers have little to worry about the region being unsynchronized in their business cycles as the business cycles will become more synchronized after the monetary union is formed. This paper assesses the dynamic relationships between trade, finance, specialization and business cycle synchronization for East Asian economies using a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The dynamic panel approach improves on previous efforts to examine the business cycle correlations — trade link using panel procedures, which control for the potential endogeneity of all explanatory variables. Based on the findings on how trade, finance and sectoral specialization have effects on the size of common shocks among countries, potential policies that can help East Asian countries move closer toward a regional currency arrangement can be suggested. The empirical results of this study suggest that there exists scope for East Asia to form a monetary union.     

Assessing a Perfect European Optimum Currency Area: A Common Cycles Approach

In this paper we introduce a new definition for an optimum currency area (OCA) which is more restrictive than the previous ones. Indeed, using both a cointegration and a common cyclical feature analysis in a VAR(p)framework, a set of countries is said to constitute a perfect OCA if theshort-run dynamics is perfectly correlated while long-run relationships arenot constrained. Using seasonally unadjusted industrial production indicesfor the period 75:M1 to 97:M4, we show that European countries are notsufficiently related to fit our definition.     

关于“补充货币”内涵、性质及特点的初步研究

"补充货币"是指社区内部使用某种东西(一般以劳动时间)作为支付手段的一项协议.其不能取代国家货币,只能是国家货币的补充形式和附属形式,发挥官方货币没有被设计、没有被完全满足的社会经济功能,但两者可以同时使用.补充货币是社区内根据居民的意愿自发形成的;更多地体现货币供给与需求者之间的合作关系,与赠与经济相协调,可以更好地促进社区的文明进步与和谐;收付不需支付利息,一般不会引发通货膨胀.从理论上探究,补充货币是劳动价值论的现实体现,是对货币商品本来面目的复归;是社会经济演化的产物;满足了借方、贷方和政府三方的需求,可以创造更多的社会价值;蕴含道德价值判断,可以消除传统货币存在的货币异化、货币拜物教等弊端.     

从国家货币到市场货币 --货币与国家关系的解读

本文以货币与国家的历史联系为线索，通过分析国家货币垄断状态下二者的相互作用，说明市场货币是货币与国家协调过程中为适应新环境出现的一种新现象，金融全球化并未从根本上改变国家货币主权。国家货币产生于与民族国家发展相关的历史过程，一旦发展成熟与完善，又反过来增强民族国家的政治特征。货币既产生于民族国家的政治经济诉求，又必将服务于此，这是历史与现实相互作用的结果。