生物燃料乙醇发展与中国粮食安全的灰色关联分析

中国生物燃料乙醇发展一直因粮食安全而存在巨大争议。文章基于生物燃料与粮食安全关系的理论分析,运用中国粮食安全的评价结果和灰色关联分析的方法,分析生物燃料乙醇的发展对中国粮食安全的影响。实证分析结果表明,近期中国生物燃料乙醇发展对粮食安全有积极的影响,有利于粮食安全保障水平的提高,但从远期的耕地压力来看依然存在粮食安全的风险。     

生物燃料替代化石燃料的影响因素研究——基于能源、粮食、环境视角的跨国面板数据分析

根据2000~2010年跨国面板数据,利用随机效应tobit模型研究了影响全球生物燃料替代化石燃料的因素。研究发现,生物燃料对耕地资源的依赖很大;农作物单产和碳排放对生物燃料消费比重有正面影响,但均需通过人均国民收入的中介作用来实现;人均国民收入对生物燃料消费比重有正面影响,这种影响也包含了农作物单产和碳排放的间接影响。     

生物燃料威胁粮食安全?

随着生物燃料作为替代化石能源需求量大增和粮食价格不断攀升,亟需寻找理想的替代原料民以食为天,粮食供需的变化和国际粮价的异常波动,无不牵动着民众的神经。近年来,每一轮粮食价格的全球性上涨,尽管原因很多,但以粮食为原料的生物燃料饱受诟病,引发人们对粮食作物用于非粮用途的粮食安全的担忧。     

甲醇汽车应有自己的位置

天然气、液化石油气、乙醇、生物柴油,等等;前几年,替代燃料是汽车业的一个热点,但随着市场应用,天然气和液化石油气相继因供应紧张、价格无优势而逐步退出市场;因与民争粮,以粮为原料的乙醇被叫停,以甜高梁、木薯和其他生物纤维素为原料的乙醇生产还未形成产业化,生物柴油规模化生产近期难以解决。逐渐地,人们将关注的目光从替代燃料转向了电动车,替代燃料慢慢淡出人们的视线。但属于替代燃料范畴的甲醇却在今年更多地被提及。     

环球

欧盟欲限粮食转化生物燃料 欧洲联盟委员会日前提议由玉米和大豆等农作物转化制成的生物燃料最多占生物燃料替代化石燃料总目标的一半,     

推广使用生物燃料是我国的一项长期战略

一、生物燃料的制取及利用特性 生物燃料主要是指以生物质为原料制取的燃料乙醇和生物柴油。生物燃料的发展动因,一是源于国家石油安全的需求,即作为汽油和柴油的替代能源,以达到缓解石油过度依赖进口的危机;二是源于国家环境保护的需要,利用生物燃料的清洁性降低机动车污染物排放。燃料乙醇是指用玉米、木薯、甘蔗、甜高梁以及农作物秸秆等生物纤维制取的液体燃料;     

发展生物燃料乙醇对我国区域农业发展的影响分析

本文利用"中国农业可持续发展决策支持系统"分析了不同燃料乙醇发展政策可能对我国农产品价格、整体和各区域农业生产及净产值等的影响。研究结果表明:燃料乙醇发展将显著提高能源作物的农产品价格,对农业发展和农民增收将起到积极的促进作用,但对稻谷和小麦等粮食安全有一些负面影响;燃料乙醇发展对不同区域及不同农户的影响有较大差异;多数地区的农业部门都将从中受益,获益的大小主要取决于各地区在种植能源作物上的比较优势。研究也指出,未来的重点应放在非粮作物以及第二代生物燃料乙醇技术上(即用纤维素生产乙醇),并且应该提高在这些方面的科研投资水平。     

发展生物燃料乙醇对我国区域农业发展的影响分析

本文利用“中国农业可持续发展决策支持系统”分析了不同燃料乙醇发展政策可能对我国农产品价格、整体和各区域农业生产及净产值等的影响。研究结果表明：燃料乙醇发展将显著提高能源作物的农产品价格,对农业发展和农民增收将起到积极的促进作用,但对稻谷和小麦等粮食安全有一些负面影响;燃料乙醇发展对不同区域及不同农户的影响有较大差异;多数地区的农业部门都将从中受益,获益的大小主要取决于各地区在种植能源作物上的比较优势。研究也指出,未来的重点应放在非粮作物以及第二代生物燃料乙醇技术上（即用纤维素生产乙醇）,并且应该提高在这些方面的科研投资水平。     

第二代生物燃料——生物质合成液体燃料

根据德国有关方面的研究和预测,今后几十年由生物质合成的液体动力燃料(简称BTL-Biomass to Liquids),也被称为第一代生物燃料,将会迅速发展,德国可生长原料联合会估计,在2020年德国的生物合成燃料将满足25%的燃料需求,在很多方面优于目前的生物柴油并有替代生物柴油的趋势,据大众汽车公司预测:到2015年第二代生物燃料—生物合成燃料和生物甲烷将全面取代第一代生物燃料—生物柴油和生物乙醇。30年后,世界上的动力燃料23%将用生物质生产,其中主要是第二代生物燃料—生物合成液体燃料。第二代生物燃料是一种最重要的可再生燃料,有非常巨大…     

美国第二代生物燃料政策影响农民种植选择的分析

美国近年来制定一系列政策支持第二代生物燃料的产业化发展,研究第二代生物燃料支持政策对农民种植选择的影响具有重要的现实意义.本文建立农民种植选择模型,分析了影响农民种植选择的因素,并基于1997 -2010年美国相关市场数据和参数数据,分析了美国第二代生物燃料激励政策对农民种植选择的影响.结果表明:在现有的市场条件和技术条件下,即使美国政策的激励农民仍不会选择种植纤维素作物.但是,随着纤维素作物种植技术和纤维素乙醇提炼技术的进步,农民最终可以在粮食安全的框架内通过种植纤维素作物为纤维素乙醇提供充足而稳定的原料来源.最后根据相关的研究结论,得出一些促进我国纤维素乙醇产业化发展的政策启示.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。