论湿地的科学管理和合理利用

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境资源之一。从我国湿地资源目前面临严重的威胁分析,不同历史时期的政策导向加速了湿地的破坏,保护湿地就是保护生态环境、保护家园;应建立科学管理和合理利用湿地的运作机制,还地球一个建康的“肾”。     

中国西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的形成、演变和保护对策

在我国西北干旱地区，一些内陆湖泊湿地生态系统滋养了西北地区的历史文明和繁荣，从多方面支持了当地人民生活、全球生态系统的稳定和生物多样性，对保护干旱地区生态环境和促进干旱区域可持续发展具有重要意义；分析了西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的类型、形成过程及人类活动的影响，从区域可持续发展、流域水资源的合理利用、生态用水的保证、湿地生态系统服务功能的维持等方面，提出了西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的管理目标和保护对策。     

论湿地的科学管理和合理利用

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境资源之一。从我国湿地资源目前面临严重的威胁分析，不同历史时期的政策导向加速了湿地的破坏，保护湿地就是保护生态环境、保护家园；应建立科学管理和合理利用湿地的运作机制，还地球一个建康的“肾”。     

三江平原湿地恢复适宜性评价

城市建设、农业开垦等人类活动影响导致湿地面积锐减、生态功能退化及生物多样性丧失,严重威胁到生态安全与区域可持续发展.湿地的保护与恢复得到国内外学者的广泛关注.区域尺度上的湿地恢复适宜性空间量化评估,有利于降低湿地恢复的复杂程度和恢复成本.本文以三江平原为研究对象,通过对土壤、植被、水文、地形等自然影响因子和土地利用年限...     

湿地保护与现代农业发展之间的矛盾分析——以洞庭湖区为例

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态系统和人类赖以生存的重要环境条件。但近年来随着农业的过度开发,湿地资源和湿地生态系统遭到严重破坏,湿地保护与现代农业开发之间的矛盾日益突出。因此,既要保护和合理利用湿地又要加快现代农业发展已成为当今理论和实践中需要认真研究和解决的重要课题。     

都江堰市生物多样性保护现状、问题及对策

分析了都江堰市生物多样性的特点、保护现状及存在问题;认为种类丰富、特有种多、显示度高是其物种多样性特点;物种的吉毒性和珍稀濒危性是其遗传多样性特点;类型多样、结构复杂则体现了生态系统多样性特点;目前,全市已成功开展了生物多样性的就地与迁地保护。但在保护区管理与人类活动的影响方面仍存在不少问题;提出了加强宣传教育、加大监测力度,促进科学研究、加强地方立法与执法和加强国际合作与交流等生物多样性保护的对策措施。     

三江平原湿地生态服务功能重要性

湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的生态系统,它不仅为人类提供大量食物,原料和水资源,而且在调节气候、调蓄水量、净化水体、保持水土、物质生产、保护生物多样性和提供动植物栖息地、教育休闲旅游等方面也具有重要的功能。三江平原作为我国最大的淡水沼泽湿地集中分布区,经过几十年的开垦,已成为我国重要的商品粮产地。尽管近些年对三江平原湿地进行了大面积的排水开垦,但三江平原湿地仍具有十分重要的蓄水、调洪功能与生物多样性价值,同时三江平原湿地对调节当地的气候也有着重要的作用。由于目前湿地生态系统破坏较为严重,生态服务功能日趋降低,所以保护湿地,恢复湿地,进行湿地生态功能的调控是一项刻不容缓的工作。     

保护生物多样性的意义和生态经济条件

一、保持生物多样性对人类生态与经济协调发展的重要意义人类在地球生态圈中有众多的生物伙伴,几百万种植物、动物和微生物构成了人类的生存环境和生产环境,而人类又会造成很多生物物种的灭绝,这就客观地形成了人类的生产、生存需要生物物种多样性与人类的生存、生产活动又大量减少生物物种多样性这样一对生态经济矛盾。这就要求人类在其生存、生产活动中要自觉地认识保持生物物种多样性对其生态与经济协调发展的重要作用,并自觉地采取措施加以保护之。     

洞庭湖湿地生物多样性及其保护的研究

洞庭湖生物多样性及其保护所受到的影响主要来自3方面：湿地类型面积变更、环境污染及大型工程等方面的影响;提出若干生物多样性保护措施。     

达赉湖自然保护区湿地生物生境保护

达赉湖自然保护区保存了最完整的湿地生态系统和野生生物特有的遗传性,是我国重要的天然基因库之一;该区具有高等植物649种,隶属于71科,脊椎动物共有357种,隶属于64科,其中国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类7种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类42种,国家Ⅱ级保护哺乳类2种;自然条件和人为干扰导致的湿地污染以及对生物的驱逐效应的不断加剧,使该区生物面临着巨大的危险;从湿地生境安全保护的角度,提出了维持达赉湖自然保护区湿地生物多样性及其安全栖息生境的保护对策。     

Land use and biodiversity relationships

The relationships between land use and biodiversity are fundamental to understanding the links between people and their environment. Biodiversity can be measured in many ways. The concept covers not only the overall richness of species present in a particular area but also the diversity of genotypes, functional groups, communities, habitats and ecosystems there. As a result, the relationships between biodiversity in its broadest sense and land use can be complex and highly context dependent. Moreover, the relationships between them are often two-way, so that simple relationships between cause and effect can be difficult to identify. In some places, specific land uses or land management practices may be important in sustaining particular patterns of biodiversity. Elsewhere, the uses to which land can be put are highly dependent on the biodiversity resources present.The review will consider how changes in the quantity, quality and spatial configuration of different aspects of land use can impact on different components of biodiversity, and what direct and indirect factors might drive these changes. The need to distinguish between land cover and land use will be discussed in relation to the economic and social drivers of land use change. The review will also consider whether framing biodiversity objectives involves society in placing constraints upon the types of land use and management practice that are possible, and will consider such arguments in relation to assessments of the costs of biodiversity loss. It would seem that while considerable progress has been made in mapping out plausible futures for land use and biodiversity at global and regional scales, closer integration of modelling, scenario and field-based monitoring is needed to strengthen the evidence base available to decision makers. Challenges that face us include how we take account of the qualitative changes in land cover, and the impacts of such modifications on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Broader perspectives on the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services are also needed as the basis for developing adaptive and flexible approaches to policy and management.     

Farmers’ perceptions of biodiversity: Lessons from a discourse-based deliberative valuation study

In agricultural landscapes farmers have a large impact on biodiversity through the management decisions they apply to their land. Farmers’ perceptions of biodiversity and its different values influence their willingness to apply biodiversity friendly farming practices. The results of a discourse-based, deliberative biodiversity valuation are presented in this paper. Organic and conventional farmers’ perceptions of the different values of biodiversity were analyzed across three European countries. Focus group methodology was used to explore how farmers perceive biodiversity and how they assess its values.Our results suggest that farmers’ perceptions of biodiversity are strongly embedded in their everyday lives and linked to farming practices. Besides recognizing the importance of species and habitat diversity, farmers also acknowledge wider landscape processes and attach value to the complexity of ecological systems. Organic farmers tended to have a more complex and philosophical approach to biodiversity and they were relatively homogeneous in this aspect, while conventional farmers showed larger heterogeneity. Ethical and social values were important for all farmers. Economic value was more dominant in the conventional focus groups.The discourse based deliberative valuation method is worth applying in relation to biodiversity for two reasons. First, this method is able to reflect the heterogeneity of non-scientist participants and the context in which they are embedded, which both have a great impact on the results of the valuation. Second, deliberation upon the importance of biodiversity makes possible to understand the competing perceptions of biodiversity and to include different value aspects in the valuation process. The policy oriented consequence of the research can be drawn from the observation that farmers have a strong acknowledgement of ethical and social biodiversity values. This suggests that soft policy tools could also foster biodiversity sensitive farming methods, complementary to mainstream monetary incentives.     

安徽省生物多样性的保护

安徽省地处亚热带与暖温带的过渡区,是多种动植物区系成分的交汇之地。境内生物丰富,珍稀涉危物种比较多,在分析安徽省物种多样性主要特征地基础上,着重探讨了生物多样性保护的对策问题。     

Profit efficiency and habitat biodiversity: The case of upland livestock farmers in Ireland

This study evaluates the private economic value of biodiversity using original farm habitat data and farm household survey data from livestock farms in the hills and uplands of Ireland. Profit efficiency and biodiversity efficiency are estimated using a stochastic translog production frontier model. Results indicate that biodiversity plays a beneficial role in farm profitability but the effect is non-linear. Stocking rate and the perimeter to area ratio are found to have a negative effect on biodiversity while the number of plots per farm has a positive effect. Biodiversity efficiency is influenced by the number of livestock, habitat quality, spatial habitat patterns and arrangement, perimeter to area ratio, the number of plots, profit efficiency and farmer's education and age.     

云南国家级自然保护区存在问题研究

云南是我国生物多样性丰富的地区,在生物多样性保护中扮演着重要角色;而云南国家级自然保护区在云南省自然保护区中又拥有较大比重,分布在云南生物多样性关键地区,对多种生态系统和大量动植物的保护起到了至关重要的作用。经过多年的努力,一些重要珍稀濒危动物种群数量有所增加。但这些保护区仍然存在一系列问题,主要包括三方面,一是客观因素,大多数保护区地处边远落后山区;二是来自于周边村寨巨大的人口压力;三是来自于当地政府和保护区,主要是缺乏长远规划、大力投资等问题。保护区资源受到如此多种因素的威胁,保护效果得不到充分发挥。只有采取强有力的保护措施,如加强社区共管、拓宽投资渠道、进行科学规划管理等,才能使保护区走上可持续发展的轨道。     

Economic evaluation of ecosystem goods and services under different landscape management scenarios

Human-induced changes in the natural environment are affecting the provision of ecosystem goods and services (EGS). Land use plans rarely include the value of public ecosystem services such as climate regulation and biodiversity due to difficulties in valuing these services. In this study, we assessed total economic value for five important ecosystem goods and services under five future land-use scenarios using varying levels of costs, prices and discount rates. Results indicated that at higher discount rates normally applied to commercial activities, and assuming the current prices for goods and services, net present value (NPV) was highest for landscape management scenarios aimed at maximising agricultural production. Potential income from services such as carbon and biodiversity does not offset projected income lost from agriculture due to land-use changes. At higher discount rates, NPV was negative for the two scenarios aimed at enhancing the longer term ecological sustainability of the landscape. These results indicate that income from carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation would need to be considerably higher than current levels in order to justify focusing management of this landscape on ecological outcomes. At lower discount rates (at levels normally associated with public investments), the more ecologically appropriate ‘mosaic farming system’ had the highest NPV, indicating that this type of system might be attractive for investors interested in longer term return horizons or wider public benefits. Higher income from carbon or biodiversity, or increased return from timber by using high value tree species, could potentially make more ecologically appropriate systems profitable at higher discount rates.     

湖南西部山区景观生态建设的探索

湖南西部山区开发是该区脱贫的重要措施,也是维持自然生态安全的重要保障;如何实现湖南西部山区可持续发展和生态安全保障的双赢,对该区扶贫及今后的开发具有非常重要的意义。过去的开发,存在着毁林开荒,毁草开荒;森林资源经营不当;生物多样性资源价值认识偏颇;城镇化过程无序;扶贫方式等方面的问题与不足,这些问题可采用景观生态规划先行,实施森林分类经营,加强天然林保护工程建设,进行生态农业和生态村镇建设,开展山区景观生态建设等景观生态学途径来实现。     

The value of plant genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers in Nepal and Vietnam

Genetic resources for food and agriculture are the biological basis of world food and nutrition security; and they directly or indirectly support the livelihoods of over 2.5 billion people. Genetic diversity gives a species or a population the ability to adapt to changing environments. For resource-poor farmers, adaptive animal breeds, crop varieties and cultivars adapted to particular micro-niches, stresses or uses are the main resources available to maintain or increase production and provide a secure livelihood. The economic value of genetic diversity for productivity and yield traits is discussed in the literature. However, it is difficult to value many other aspects of agricultural biodiversity as these have both direct and indirect values in terms of qualitative traits such as food, nutrition and environmental uses that include adaptation to low input conditions, co-adaptive complexes, yield stability and the consequent reduction of risk, specific niche adaptation, and in meeting socio-cultural needs. Together, the direct and indirect values of genetic resources for resource-poor farmers are expressed in a range of options in the form of the crop varieties and species they use for managing changing environments.

The value of genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers is seldom captured by markets or addressed by the international research agenda. This paper presents lessons learned from our work over 5–10 years in the Asia and Pacific Ocean (APO) region on participatory crop improvement, home gardens and on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity. The lessons illustrate how farmers adapt genetic resources to suit local environmental conditions. The paper focuses on the value of genetic diversity of selected crop species to meet people's food and other needs. Genetic diversity valued by resource-poor farmers is often maintained, selected and exchanged by local social seed networks. Identification of such genetic resources and their custodians is important if international agricultural research is to contribute to the reduction of poverty. The paper highlights some good practices from case studies that illustrate how such genetic resources could be exploited by informal research and development strategies or participatory plant breeding or for marketing value-added products.     

Conditions for the adoption of agro-ecological farming practices: a holistic framework illustrated with the case of almond farming in Andalusia

Agricultural landscapes offer unique habitats for many species. Because agriculture is a major land use worldwide, changes in farming practices can have major repercussions for biodiversity. Particularly in Western Europe, ongoing intensification and scale enlargement but also land abandonment and poor agricultural practices leading to land degradation form a major threat to agrobiodiversity. Agro-ecological farming practices are suggested as an alternative way of farming in order to conserve and enhance biodiversity. Yet knowledge about what factors explain farmers’ adoption of agro-ecological farming practices is fragmented and incomplete. In this paper, we offer a holistic framework that specifies these factors and how they are interconnected. The framework is illustrated and refined by means of a case study analysis of almond farming in Andalusia. The chosen case represents a specific localized farming practice that currently negatively impacts biodiversity but for which agro-ecology forms an attractive alternative regarding biodiversity. The case study demonstrates that our framework offers a useful tool to systematically identify the different factors that affect agro-ecological farming adoption, interlinkages between factors and particularly the more structural barriers to agro-ecology.     

The value of green walls to urban biodiversity

Despite increased interest in the implementation of green walls in urban areas and the recognised benefits of monetary valuation of ecosystem services, no studies have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of biodiversity they provide. The valuation of natural resources allows policy makers to justify resource allocation. Using the Southampton, UK, as a case study, this paper estimates the public’s perceived value of green walls to urban biodiversity, in the form of their willingness to pay (WTP). Estimates were derived using a random parameter model that accounted for socio-economic and attitudinal determinants of choice, using choice experiment data. Three green infrastructure policies were tested; two green wall designs (‘living wall’ and ‘green façade’) and an ‘alternative green policy’; and compared against ‘no green policy’. Results indicated a WTP associated with green infrastructure that increases biodiversity. Attitudinal characteristics such as knowledge of biodiversity and aesthetic opinion were significant, providing an indication of identifiable preferences between green policies and green wall designs. A higher level of utility was associated with the living wall, followed by the green façade. In both cases, the value of the green wall policies exceeds the estimated investment cost; so our results suggest that implementation would provide net economic benefits.