Dual Income Taxation: A Promising Path to Tax Reform for Developing Countries

The dual income tax combines a progressive tax on labor income and a lower flat tax on income from capital. Unlike flat tax systems, a dual income tax provides developing countries greater flexibility in addressing tax competition while retaining progressivity. Countries could use the move to a dual income tax system not just as an opportunity to rationalize the taxation of income from business operations and investment but also as a vehicle for broader reform of their tax systems.     

个人所得税对收入分配的影响:由税收累进性和平均税率观察

个人所得税收入调节作用的发挥取决于税制的累进程度和平均税率。从税收累进性和平均税率两方面对我国个人所得税的再分配效应进行解析,得到以下三点基本判断:第一,我国个人所得税的法定累进水平和实际累进水平均已达到发达国家水平;第二,我国个人所得税的平均税率大大低于世界平均水平;第三,我国个人所得税的再分配力度非常小,而平均税率过低是制约我国个人所得税收入调节功能发挥的最主要障碍。因此加强个人所得税收入调节功能的关键是在坚持综合课税改革方向的基础上,通过完善税收征管,不断拓宽个人所得税的课税面、提高其占个人收入的比重。     

税收制度的比较与借鉴

1990年代后,世界各国在税制理论和方法上不断创新,发达国家的税制更偏重于公平目标,而大多数发展中国家的税制则更偏重效率。1994年我国税制改革后,建立了以流转税和所得税为主体、其他税种为辅助的税制体系,强化了税收在组织财政收入和宏观经济调控方面的作用。但目前经济社会发展形势已发生重大变化,税制存在的问题也逐步显现出来。因此借鉴他国经验,在我国推行双主体税系,调整所得税结构,优化所得税制;确立财产税在地方税体系中的重要地位;优化环境税体系等税制改革势在必行。     

自行纳税申报制度的问题及对策

自行纳税制度是我国个人所得税收制度的一项重要改革,是对纳税人权利的保障,但是这一制度在我国实行得并不理想。造成这一现象的主要原因是自行纳税申报制度不完善,其次也与纳税人和执法人的主观因素有关。要完善自行纳税申报制度,必须要建立纳税人公益诉讼制度,提高立法层次,规范行政机关立法,提高税法的权威性,并建立起公平、公正的税法制度。     

基于公平视角的个人所得税制改革探析

个人所得税是我国现行税制中唯一一个用于调整收入分配差距的税种,但是现行个人所得税在征收过程中并没有很好地起到应有的调节个人收入分配,促进社会公平的作用。本文从公平的涵义入手,分析了当前我国现行个人所得税制中存在的公平缺失的现状,并基于公平视角就今后如何在改革中进一步完善个税提出了一些对策与建议。     

浅析我国个人所得税制改革

我国目前个人所得税在课税模式、费用扣除标准、税率设计、申报体制等方面存在着制度缺陷。本文仅对现行个人所得税制中的部分主要问题,提出对个人所得税税制改革的刍荛之见。     

财富的平衡杠杆--个人所得税的调节机制及改革

财富的不均衡会引起社会的动荡,个人所得税是调节财富不均的重要手段之一。现行的个人所得税不适应当代社会经济的发展,不能真正起到调节收入分配的作用。本文对现行的个人所得税存在问题进行分析,指出其不足之处,提出其改革和完善措施。     

促进收入公平分配的税收政策研究

税收作为国家宏观调控的重要手段之一,应当在调节收入分配差距方面发挥积极作用。本文从"双主体"税制结构出发,通过分析引起收入差距的税收原因,总结现有税种调节作用的效果和不足,从流转税、个人所得税、财产税及社会保障税等几方面提出增强税收公平收入功能的政策建议。     

个体工商户生产经营所得纳税筹划的路径探究

随着我国税收法律法规的健全和人民收入水平的不断提高,人们开始越来越关注个人所得税。本文探讨了个体工商户的个人所得税纳税筹划。从个体工商户筹资、收入、成本费用三个环节介绍了纳税筹划的方法,以达到税收成本最低的目的,从而提高个人实际的经济收益。     

我国税收政策影响初次分配的实证分析

近年来,在我国经济保持持续高速增长的同时,我国居民的收入分配不平等现象也在加剧。税收政策历来都是各国调节收入分配的重要政策杠杆。根据1994～2009年我国的基尼系数、税收收入占GDP比重的时间序列数据,所建立的多元线性回归模型表明,我国现行的以间接税为主体的税制结构,整体上拉大了不同阶层的收入差距。增值税、营业税等税种与基尼系数呈正相关,个人所得税、财产税等直接税也由于征收规模过小、征管存在漏洞等原因,没有充分发挥出直接税应有的收入调节作用。     

浅论连锁经营在化肥零售中的运用

本文通过对部分税务部门提取、使用个人所得税手续费实际工作中存在的各种问题的反映 ,从现行管理体制和监管方面 ,深入分析了问题产生了原因 ,并针对如何规范和改进所得税手续费的提取和使用 ,提出了一些建议性的意见。     

基于发挥我国个人所得税功能的税制改革思考

文章主要根据2008年12月份四川省城镇居民住户调查数据,就现行个人所得税的功能以及未来改革方向进行了探讨。我们认为现行的个人所得税缺乏对收入差距的调节能力,但是目前设定的个人所得税的免征额是合适的。通过对实际居民收入统计数据的试算,我们建议采纳综合所得税制代替目前的分类所得税制。     

有争议的税收

In order to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, the Chinese government has set the personal income tax rate much higher than some developed countries. But many people believe it will not narrow the differences between rich and poor. What's more, it may also discourage highly -educated people from staying in China.     

Personal Income Tax Reform in China in 2018 and Its Impact on Income Distribution

In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate.     

The Impact of Personal Income Tax Structure on Income Inequality for Belgium,Bulgaria, Germany,Lithuania, and Poland: A Comparison of Flat and Graduated Income Tax Structures

The level of income inequality in a country is usually a contentious and politically divisive issue. How the tax structure affects this inequality is of crucial concern to policymakers. In this paper, we examine the income tax experiences of five European Union countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, and Poland. This paper focuses on the comparison between flat and graduated personal income tax rate structures. Various methods were used to measure the progressivity of income taxes across these countries such as the average tax rate, cumulative shares of income, and the Gini and other indices. The findings show that the graduated rate income tax structure of Germany and Belgium are the most effective at reducing inequality. On the other hand, Lithuania’s proportional income tax structure is much more effective at reducing income inequality when compared to the graduated rate structure of Poland. Also, an appropriately-sized income tax threshold can transform a flat structure to a redistributive one that compares favorably with some graduated rate structures. In the case of Bulgaria, introducing an income tax threshold that is roughly the size of average income would reduce inequality by about 4 %.

     

我国股票期权企业所得税税收政策研究

2005年财政部、国家税务总局发布了《关于个人股票期权所得征收个人所得税问题的通知》(财税〔2005〕35号),首次明确了要对员工取得的股票期权收入征收个人所得税。但对于企业所得税方面的规定目前还是空白,需要尽快出台与股票期权激励计划有关的企业所得税方面的政策,以促进其发展。本文首先介绍我国的股票期权税收政策;其次对股票期权涉及的企业所得税方面的问题进行了探讨;最后对我国在制定股票期权企业所得税政策时须注意的问题提出了建议。     

对“改进个人所得税调节居民收入差距”的探讨

我国目前居民收入差距越来越大,个人所得税税制不完善,具有调节个人收入分配功能的个人所得税并未真正起到调节居民收入差距的作用。从全社会来看,刚修订的1600元费用扣除标准过高,税率设计不合理,不利于调节居民收入差距;分类个人所得税下,高收入者可以充分利用多个宽免或扣除减少纳税,从而消弱个人所得税的调节力度。因此,笔者提出按宽税基、低税率、简税制原则改进个人所得税的费用扣除标准、税率及征税方式;为了避免通货膨胀对收入分配的扭曲效应,保护低收入者的利益,应建立个人所得税税收指数化调整体系。     

Innovation and Corporate Tax Planning: The Distinct Effects of Patents and R&D*

Using a large US sample, we find a significant and positive relation between patents and corporate tax planning, and the effect is incremental to the effect of R&D on tax planning. We employ a quasi‐natural experiment based on staggered industry‐level innovation shocks to identify the positive causal effect of patents on corporate tax planning. We also find that patents are not associated with tax planning for domestic firms, but their association with tax planning is concentrated in multinational firms, which have the ability to shift domestic income to low‐tax countries. Moreover, we find that the identified effect mainly exists in the post–check‐the‐box (CTB) rule period when shifting income among affiliates becomes more flexible and convenient. Finally, we use two income‐shifting models and find that patents, rather than R&D, facilitate tax planning through an income‐shifting channel. Overall, our results suggest that R&D and patents facilitate firms' tax planning in distinct ways: R&D facilitates tax planning as intended through tax credits and deductions, whereas patents are used by taxpayers to avoid taxes aggressively through income shifting.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE STRUCTURE OF TAXES IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1960–2002*

One tenet of taxation is its distorting effect on economic behaviour. Despite the economic inefficiencies resulting from taxation, it is widely believed that taxes impact minimally on the economy's growth rate. Evidence in developing countries generally supports this view. In this paper, we present evidence that tax distortions in South Africa may be much more severe. Using tax and economic data from 1960 to 2002 and a two‐stage modelling technique to control for unobservable business cycle variables, we examine the relationship between total taxation, the mix of taxation and economic growth. We find that decreased tax burdens are strongly associated with increased economic growth potential; in addition, contrary to most theoretical research, decreased indirect taxation relative to direct taxation is strongly correlated with increased economic growth potential.     

绿色营销——21世纪饭店业的必然选择

中国加入WTO后 ,意味着将进入经济全球一体化 ,这就要求税制必须按照WTO的规则 ,与国际税收惯例取得一致。本文着重从进一步完善关税、企业所得税、个人所得税、增值税 ,提高出口退税率 ,加快费改税步伐等方面 ,对我国入世后 ,如何加快和深化税制改革进行全方位的思考。