旅游业产业地位衡量指标的若干理论思考

本文对如何衡量旅游业的产业地位做了较深入的思考 ,并具体分析了当前已提出的一些标准。本文认为 :旅游产业增加值是衡量旅游产业对GDP贡献的科学标准 ;旅游生产总值可以衡量一个国家或地区发展“大旅游”对GDP的贡献 ;而旅游生产总值和旅游产业增加值的差额可反映旅游产业对国民经济的带动作用。     

Perceptions of tourism products

The concept of the tourism product has been rooted in the minds of industry professionals as the industry has rapidly developed. Yet research into the tourism product and its constitution has not been a particular focus. Smith (1994) was one of the first, and remains one of the few, researchers to have decomposed the tourism product into basic elements. His five elements formed a single core and a series of four encapsulating shells. The study reported here first clarified the definition of tourism product and employed Smith's framework to analyze various tourism products in different tourism sectors. A student sample was used in a survey to rate the importance of five elements of tourism products. The results showed that the five elements were prevalent but that they differed in their importance for tourists across a variety of tourism products. Tangible physical plant was considered to be the most important component of nearly all tourism products. Finally, a new model of the tourism product is proposed here, and managerial priorities when creating sustained and satisfying tourist experiences are discussed.     

Tourism product development and the changing consumer demand: A case study of Kenya

Kenya is an important tourist destination in Africa accounting for over 6% of the total international tourist arrivals to the continent. However, in recent years Kenya's tourism industry has been experiencing problems of poor performance and continuing decline in the number of international tourist arrivals. This study examines the main characteristics of the country's tourism product vis‐a‐vis the changing trends in global tourism market demands. It is argued that the underlying cause of the recent poor performance of the tourism industry relates to the nature of the country's tourism product. Over the years, Kenya has been offering a limited tourism product that is based on beach and wildlife tourism. Also, the marketing of Kenya mainly depends on overseas tour operators who mainly sell inclusive tour packages. Thus, the form of tourism product that is offered by Kenya has not responded to the recent changes and trends in international tourism market demands. Post‐modern tourists, particularly tourists from developed countries, are increasing becoming aware of the negative impacts of mass tourism and are increasingly looking for alternative tourism products that provide a deeper and more meaningful experience. Thus, if Kenya is to rejuvenate its tourism industry there is need for the country to provide a diverse alternative tourism product which is more appealing to the post‐modern tourists.     

桂林旅游产品开发和线路设计

桂林旅游产品开发和线路设计陈青光，周茂权桂林市旅游局ＯｎｔｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｕｉｌｉｎ＇ｓＴｏｕｒｉｓｍＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅＤｅｓｉｇｎｏｆＴｏｕｒＲｏｕｔｅｓ￥ｂｙＣｈｅｎＱｉｎｇｇｕａｎｇ；ＺｈｏｕＭａｏｑｕａｎＡｂｓｔｒａ...     

试论有关旅游产业在地区经济发展中地位和产业政策的几个问题

与许多其他产业不同,旅游业的产业范围较难界定,其产品生产的社会化程度较大、关联性强、依托和带动功能都很明显。在很多场合下,旅游业的这种性质被片面地误用和滥用了,并导致了对旅游业的产业地位认识的简单化和一元化。本文分析讨论了旅游产业的超然性、旅游产业地位的层次性以及旅游产业政策的适用性,阐 明了判别旅游产业在地区经济发展中产业地位的客观依据,以及旅游产业政策对我国旅游业发展所起的积极作用和存在的问题,探讨了如何在产业政策的引导下,建立起一个竞争有序、分工合理的旅游市场体系的方法。     

Tourism Education in Austria and Switzerland

SUMMARY

Both Austria and Switzerland are small countries with a long tradition hosting tourists. Irrespective of high levels of economic development, the two countries also have high levels of tourism intensity when measured either in terms of number of tourists per native population or in terms of tourism receipts per population (e.g., per gross national product). Consequently, both countries also display a long tradition and evolution in their development of systems of tourism education and training albeit under differing market conditions and pressures. Both countries provide similar products like in the field of cultural tourism and alpine tourism. The tourism structure is also comparable. Both countries are dominated by family owned small and medium size businesses. However, their political structures are very different. This paper shows how each country under the three forces of labour market pressures and industry requirements, on the one hand and tourism education policy initiatives on the other has evolved two slightly different tourism education systems. Furthermore, an attempt was made to provide, based on the discussion in the first part of the paper, a more general explanation with respect to the response of tourism schooling/training supplies to varying conditions in tourism product markets, tourism employment and labour market systems, public choice decisions and general economic conditions. Finally, the paper discusses the paradigmatic shift (i.e., structural change) of tourism factor and product markets from the “Old to New Tourism” and discusses its implications for new types of tourism schooling and training in these two countries.     

Alternative tourism in Montserrat

Small island states or dependencies have increasingly turned to international mass tourism as a strategy for overcoming their underdeveloped status. However, mounting criticism of this sector has increased the interest in alternative tourism. The Caribbean island of Montserrat is well positioned to implement an ecotourism strategy based on the island's scenic beauty, biodiversity and historical/cultural attributes. This would augment an already unconventional tourism product emphasizing low-density residential tourism. The fact that few tangible initiatives have so far been taken in the direction of ecotourism is not problematic, since careful planning is advisable given the risks inherent in any form of tourism, and given existing and potential problems which could threaten its viability. A Montserrat Heritage Trail network is proposed as the centrepiece of this ecotourism product, while various marketing and institutional initiatives are recommended.     

英国出境旅游产品分析

本文通过英国旅行社出境旅游产品的类别分析和价格差异对比,总结了出境旅游产品的5种基本特性,在产品差异原因分析时发现,旅游目的地的旅游资源差异固然是旅游产品差异的主基石,但目的地接待服务水平高低反而是当地旅游业发展的主导因素,在休闲旅游阶段,其作用胜过旅游资源本身,甚至超过了资源。     

温泉旅游基本构件研究

温泉旅游的内容不单纯是洗浴,也不能简单地扩充到常规观光与休闲产品上,温泉旅游还存在着其独有的基本构件.本文指出温泉旅游的基本构件包括泉源、温泉聚落、共有汤、温泉寺院、温泉地的线、入口和温泉故事等对象,应对这些对象进行文化挖掘和组合,从而提高旅游者体验质量和温泉旅游开发的文化含量.     

Tourism and representation: a scale for measuring gendered portrayals

This paper analyses the nature of the images of women and men represented in tourism marketing and discusses the wider socio-cultural impact of such imagery. It begins by briefly discussing the gendered nature of tourism experiences and then reviews work on tourism, gender and representation. The paper's substantive contribution to tourism gender research, however, is its adaptation and development of a content analysis technique which facilitates the quantitative analysis of gender representations. A case study of a range of UK tour operators' brochures is presented which confirms that tourism representation relies heavily on the use of women as sexualized product adornments. The value and limitations of the content analysis research tool are discussed, as is its further applicability as a measurement of representations in tourism marketing.     

A partial least squares structural equation modeling approach for examining multidimensional values of Taipei Zoo

The values associated with a tourism product, such as a hospitality facility, an attraction, or a destination, are intangible for independent evaluation. Meanwhile, tangible features of a tourism product can be used as predictor variables in causal research to assess the values as dependent variables. In the meanwhile, the multidimensional values may function independently from each other. Under this condition, consideration should be made in designing the values as a formative model and using partial least squares structural equation modeling to illustrate its relationships with the predictor variables. This paper uses the Taipei Zoo as a case study by conducting a survey of 472 visitors. The results demonstrate how different conceptual model designs can affect the statistical results and ultimate decision-making concerned with the value design of a tourism product.     

Cultural sustainability – a framework for Aboriginal tourism in British Columbia

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a framework to assess the cultural sustainability of Aboriginal tourism in British Columbia, which meets must take into account the protection of human rights, good self-governance, identity, control of land, the tourism product’s authenticity, and a market-ready tourism product. These criteria are specified by two indicators each. The cultural sustainability framework was generated by triangulating qualitative research methods like experts’ interviews, secondary research, and participant and non-participant observations. This paper is thus conceptual in nature and inductive in its approach. It partly leverages a collaborative approach, as it includes interviewees in an iterative research loop. Furthermore, the paper shows why cultural sustainability is a determinant of the success of Aboriginal tourism.     

旅游地生命周期研究现状和展望

对旅游地的发展研究中,旅游地生命周期理论是其重要的理论基石.本文回顾了国内外关于旅游地生命周期理论以及案例研究成果,通过讨论该理论的形成、发展以及主要研究内容和目前的研究难点,认为在运用该理论进行旅游发展研究中应加强危机管理以及对于旅游决策者和管理者的研究,并且重视旅游地发展过程中产品体系的更新、旅游地内部各个子系统的生命周期研究以及重视案例研究和政策因素都是非常重要的.     

“红与黑”:论精神旅游产品的开发向度

红色旅游作为我国精神旅游的主导产品,其主题大多为爱国主义和革命传统教育,存在着主题概念僵化、客源以公费旅游群体为主等问题;而黑色旅游主题则以爱与和平为主,呈现负面事件“正面宣传化”、多元化深度开发不足等问题.鉴于此,文章提出创新我国精神旅游主题的思路,即从阐释美、正义、人性、自由和理性等多维视角重构旅游产品,更好地发挥其对国民的伦理教化作用.     

中小学生教育型旅游产品潜力分析--以南京市为例

旅游产品是激发旅游者出游的直接动因，故成为旅游规划的主体和重中之重。本文讨论了中小学生教育型旅游产品的主要特点，在此基础上着重从市场和资源两个方面就当前我国发展中小学生教育型旅游产品的潜力进行了综合分析，并以南京市为例进行了实证研究。分析研究结果表明，中小学生教育型旅游产品是目前我国许多地区尤其是旅游城市值得大力发展的一种新型旅游产品。     

区域合作背景下的地方旅游产品结构调整研究——以云南参与泛珠三角区域合作为例

地方旅游产品结构调整是当前国内外旅游需求多样化和个性化的必然要求,也是区域旅游合作中的重要内容之一.文章以云南参与泛珠三角旅游区域合作为例,在分析泛珠三角区域旅游产品结构的基础上,指出了参与泛珠三角区域合作对云南旅游产品结构调整的要求,分析了泛珠三角区域合作背景下的云南旅游产品结构的调整优化.     

蜜月游市场特征的相关与回归分析——针对北京常住居民蜜月游市场

在我国,蜜月游市场发展迅猛,潜力巨大,收益率颇高.特别值得注意的是,我们调研发现:高收入者与非高收入者共享蜜月游这一高端旅游产品.为此我们进行了相关的定量分析,以进一步研究其发展脉络,揭示其变动趋势,为政府主管部门及相关旅游企业提供决策依据.     

体育旅游市场特征及产品开发

本文对体育旅游市场发展现状进行透视，认为这一旅游形式在当前我国旅游业发展中占有重要地位，进而对体育旅游动机进行分析，并将体育旅游市场划分为休闲、健身、观战、刺激、竞技和其他等细分市场，分析了这些细分市场具有潜力大、大众性强、市场面广、年轻化和前景好等特征，最后，阐述了体育旅游产品的特点和对旅游业发展的作用，并提出了体育旅游产品开发的对策。     

风景名胜区产品开发与持续竞争力的提升——以武夷山为例

以武夷山为例,对风景名胜区产品开发与持续竞争力的提升进行了探讨.本文认为,风景名胜区的发展,不应过于强调短期竞争力,而应该关注持续竞争力,风景名胜区的产品开发对于持续竞争力的提升具有重要意义.     

Price competitiveness of tourism packages to Australia: Beyond the “Big Mac” index

One issue facing any country or region concerns its price competitiveness as a package tour destination. One method of measuring this is to use what in other contexts has been referred to as the Big Mac approach. The “Big Mac” is a simple product with ingredients in fixed proportions, whereas the tourism product is a very complex one comprising different components depending on tourist expenditure patterns. There is no equivalent tourism product offered across countries, as the nature of the product is tailored to the origin market, expenditure levels and the length of the trip involved. The key issue is that of how to standardize the products being compared, so as to determine their relative price competitiveness. A method of constructing price competitiveness indexes, developed by the authors, can be applied to develop measures of the price competitiveness of different tour packages. This paper has three aims: To set down the essence of the preferred approach to measuring price competitiveness, noting its advantages and limitations; to employ this approach to construct price competitiveness indexes for package tours to Australia from Japan and the USA; and to indicate areas for farther research into the price competitiveness of package tourism worldwide.