进口贸易与外国直接投资的技术溢出效应——对中国各地区技术进步的实证研究

进口贸易和外国直接投资是国际技术溢出的两条主要渠道。本文在对CH模型进行改进的基础上,考察了进口贸易和外国直接投资的技术溢出效应,使用面板数据就国际技术溢出对我国东、中、西部技术进步的影响进行了实证检验。结果表明,进口和外资产生的技术溢出促进了各地区全要素生产率的提高,但其对技术进步的贡献度存在显著的地区差异。     

OFDI、逆向技术溢出与国内企业创新能力——基于我国分价值链数据的检验

本文利用我国各省分价值链统计的OFDI存量数据检验了我国对外直接投资对国内企业创新能力的影响。结果显示:我国企业在海外设立的研发、制造和营运机构是OFDI逆向技术溢出的主要渠道,而非经营性机构和原料获取机构的溢出效应并不显著;这种溢出效应表现出明显的地域差异,东部地区主要依靠研发机构的溢出,中西部地区主要依靠制造和营运机构的溢出,而在西部地区,贸易机构也是逆向技术溢出的一个重要来源;在东中部地区,FDI仍是国际技术溢出的主要渠道,只有在西部地区,OFDI才是国际技术溢出的主导;对外直接投资的逆向溢出效应与境内资本的研发效率呈现出替代关系;货物进出口贸易对国内企业创新能力产生了负面影响。     

外资技术溢出对国内企业影响的实证研究

本文利用国内制造业上市公司的数据,检验了国内企业在引进外资的过程中,外资的技术溢出效应对国内企业研发能力的影响。研究发现:相对于没有引入外资的国内企业,建立了中外合资企业的国内企业研发能力明显得到提高,外资对国内企业确实存在技术溢出效应;相对港澳台外资而言,来自欧美等发达国家的外资对国内企业的技术溢出更加明显;但是,这种技术溢出仅发生在技术含量不高、资源投入较少、容易学习和模仿的技术层面。     

企业对外投资对技术进步的影响

企业对外投资带来的技术进步,是企业对外投资的良性影响,也是逆向技术溢出效应在企业层面的具体体现。通过对企业外投资的总量特征、经济背景和结构的分析,指出企业通过对外投资能够使企业更多的接触国外先进的技术知识、降低国内企业的研发成本、使企业迅速实现人才资源的聚集。通过建模的方式,对企业对外投资对技术进步的影响进行定量分析。     

国外研究与开发(R&D)之溢出效果:基于我国1985-2005年的经验研究

在开放经济系统中,一国技术进步不仅取决于自身的研究与开发投入,也取决于国外的研究与开发投入。本文利用协整分析和误差修正模型,对国外研发对我国技术进步的影响效果进行了经验分析。结果表明,基于贸易渠道和外国直接投资渠道的溢出效应均对我国的技术进步起促进作用,并且贸易渠道的正向溢出效果与外国直接投资相比在逐渐加强。在此基础上提出了更好地吸收利用国外研发溢出效果的几点建议。     

泉州地区知识溢出与技术进步的实证分析

文章着眼于泉州地区的技术进步研究,从知识溢出的角度,运用回归分析,对泉州地区技术进步的知识溢出效应进行研究。研究选取了研发资本投入、人力资本投入两种国内知识溢出和进口渠道流入的研发资本、FDI渠道流入的研发资本两中国外的知识溢出来进行研究,得出了有启示性的结论。同时,文章所探讨的泉州地区的技术进步在今后几年中亦有较高的研究价值,而泉州的技术进步问题也可以进一步从微观方面进行更细化的研究。     

中国进口贸易技术溢出效应的实证分析

进口贸易是技术的一种主要溢出渠道。本文运用Lichtenberg＆Potterie（1996）方法构建国外R＆D资本存量，并将人力资本要素考虑在内建立进口贸易技术溢出的计量模型．选取中国和G-7国家的时间序列数据，分析中国国内R＆D资本存量和通过进口贸易获得的国外R＆D技术溢出对中国全要素生产率的影响。结果表明国内外R＆D资本存量都能显著地提升中国的全要素生产率。进一步的误差修正模型的分析结果表明，在短期内进口贸易的技术溢出对促进中国的技术进步存在一定的时滞效应。在此实证研究基础之上，本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

进口贸易国际技术外溢效应实证研究

文章在前人研究的基础上,进一步探讨进口贸易的技术溢出效应,通过采用全国各地区的相关数据进行实证分析,表明了进口贸易对技术进步有显著的促进作用。进口贸易对各地区技术进步的影响程度不一样,中西部地区由于技术差距等原因正向效应更加突出。     

技术溢出效应对企业R&D研发的影响

技术溢出效应是指企业研发的技术成果由于外部性等原因导致其他企业可以不需花费成本得到及使用。本文主要研究了技术溢出对于企业R&D研发投入的影响,因为R&D研发需要巨大投资,具有高投入、高风险以及高回报的特点,同时由于技术溢出效应的存在,导致其他厂商可以无成本获得研发厂商的研发成果。由于这种情况的存在,企业之间的研发博弈就更为复杂,本文就经济外部性,技术溢出效应对企业的影响,进行详细的分析。     

我国外贸外资的技术溢出效应分析

技术溢出是发展中国家分享世界技术进步成果的重要路径,溢出的渠道主要包括国际贸易和国际直接投资(FDI)等。本文运用经拓展后的Coe&Helpman的贸易溢出计量模型,将我国从商品贸易以及FDI中所获得的技术溢出纳入同一模型中加以综合分析。经测度表明,我国外贸外资的技术溢出效应都较显著,且相互间存在着共生互补关系,但相对说来,外资的技术溢出效应略大于外贸的溢出效应;同时,国内R&D的资本存量对外贸外资的技术溢出效应有重要影响,并在此基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Determinants of Firm R&D: The Role of Relationship-Specific Interactions for R&D Spillovers

Research and Development (R&D) is a key component behind technological development and economic growth; therefore, understanding the drivers of R&D is crucial. An interesting question is the role of technology spillovers, transferred by trade, and their impact on firm R&D. Here we analyze not only how international and domestic inter- and intra-industry technology spillovers affect firm R&D but also the relatively unexplored issue of how relationship-specific interactions between buyer and seller affect such spillovers. We find international technology spillovers to be larger and more significant than domestic inter- and intra-industry spillovers. Moreover, relationship-specific interactions between seller and buyer enhance technology spillovers in general and international spillovers in particular.     

R&D spillovers through trade in a panel of OECD industries

This paper investigates the significance of Research and Development (R&D) spillovers through intra- and international trade in intermediate goods for productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries during 1973–1994. In the model, four different sources of R&D are identified: R&D conducted in the particular industry itself, R&D conducted in the same industries in other countries, R&D conducted in other domestic industries, and R&D conducted in other foreign industries. I find that among R&D sources the most important contributions to productivity growth come from the domestic R&D efforts. Here, own R&D is important for both domestic innovation and for the productivity catch-up process. Evidence that international R&D spillovers also have significant effects on productivity growth is found to be less robust. My analysis also shows that human capital affects productivity directly as a factor of production.     

外商投资企业的出口溢出效应研究

本文对外商投资企业对我国内资企业的出口溢出效应进行了实证研究,结果表明,总的来说外商投资企业通过出口示范效应、竞争效应提高了我国内资企业的出口倾向,在外商投资企业技术创新水平较高的行业,外商投资企业还会通过技术溢出效应来提高我国内资企业的出口倾向,在外商投资企业技术创新水平较低的行业,外商投资企业的技术创新降低了我国内资企业的出口倾向。本文最后提出了利用外商直接投资提高我国出口竞争力的政策建议。     

外国直接投资、出口倾向与技术溢出效应

本文利用2001、2002、2003年的行业数据,对比研究了在外商投资企业出口倾向较高的行业和出口倾向较低的行业,外商投资企业对我国内资企业的技术溢出效应。结果表明,在外商投资企业出口倾向较高的行业,外商投资企业通过竞争效应、研发效应和模仿效应对我国内资企业产生较明显的技术溢出效应,在外商投资企业出口倾向较低的行业,其技术溢出效应不明显。     

Domestic vs. International Spillovers: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Data

This paper investigates the association between total factor productivity growth and the R&D expenditures of Swedish manufacturing firms in the presence of domestic- and international R&D spillovers. The paper assumes that the principal channel of transmission of new technology is through I/O relations. Econometric evidence suggests that international as well as domestic inter-industry R&D spillovers are important determinants of firms’ productivity growth in the long run. The R&D spillovers generated within the industry and following I/O links seem to be of minor importance in explaining productivity growth. It seems likely that within-industry productivity spillovers follow other channels than I/O flows, such as horizontal spillovers through copying of new products and processes, or labour turnover. The use of a convergence parameter is one way to check for such within-industry technology flows. Our results indicate that a catch-up process exists by which the non-frontier firms in the Swedish manufacturing sector absorb knowledge spillovers from the leading firms in the industry. Finally, a firm’s own R&D efforts are found to be more or less positively correlated with the TFP growth, maybe the contribution from R&D efforts in some sense are underestimated.     

The Two Faces of R&D: Does Firm Absorptive Capacity Matter?

This paper examines the dual effect of firm R&D efforts on productivity growth for Swedish manufacturing firms. The R&D efforts do not only stimulate innovation but also enhance firms?? ability to identify, assimilate and exploit new knowledge from the environment (Cohen and Levinthal. Economics Journal 99:569?C596, 1989). In this paper, we assume that the principal channel of transmission of new knowledge is through I/O linkages. Our econometric evidence suggests that in addition to the firm??s own R&D activities, R&D spillovers embodied in traded goods within the industry, others imported from abroad, and technology spillovers transferred from the technological frontier within an industry are important determinants of firms?? productivity growth. Results suggest that domestic R&D spillovers following the I/O links between industries are of minor importance in this respect. We also analyze whether firms?? absorptive capacity matters for productivity growth. Analyzing absorptive capacity is particularly important for assessing the effective contribution of spillovers from other firms. The effect of a firm??s absorptive capacity is found to interact positively with imported R&D spillovers, whereas domestic rents spillovers seem to play a minor role for productivity growth.     

Globalization of R&D and China: An Introduction

In this introduction, we discuss the recent changes in multinational corporations' (MNCs) research and development (R&D) strategies and China's rising role in this new development. Significant changes include: 1) More and more corporations have started overseas R & D operations; 2) the missions of many overseas R&D facilities have shifted from the traditional supplementing and supporting roles to become critical and strategic components of MNCs' global R&D networks; and 3) MNC overseas R&D operations have expanded their geographic reach to carefully selected developing countries. China has benefited from such changes and has become one major attraction for such R&D facilities due to its rich endowment of low-cost and well- trained scientists and engineers as well as its fast growing domestic market and burgeoning foreign investment in manufacturing. The explosion of foreign R&D investment has also been accompanied by the rapid growth of China's domestic investment in R&D. The growth in both domestic and foreign investment in R&D implies that China will improve its position in global economic and technological competition. However, it is unclear to the rest of the world about the implications of China's rising R&D and whether or not China can capture the value from the presence of foreign R&D centres. We conclude that issues related to China's science and technology development in general and foreign R&D in China in particular warrant more research in the future.     

Regional integration and technology diffusion: The case of Uruguay

We examine the impact of trade-related R&D spillovers from the country's partners in the MERCOSUR as well as from the European Union and NAFTA blocs and the rest of the world on total factor productivity for the Uruguayan case at the industry level, for the period 1988–95. Furthermore, we analyse the impact of domestic R&D in Uruguay. There is an evidence of trade-related technology diffusion from MERCOSUR partners to Uruguay, although domestic R&D has apositive impact on productivity. Thus, policies aimed to promote domestic R&D and decreasing trade barriers could enhance Uruguayan manufacturing productivity.